“…There are two main directions in the literature for tackling the communication cost issue in FL. The first approach consists of algorithms that aim to reduce the number of transmitted bits by applying a carefully chosen gradient compression scheme, such as quantization [2,5,31,16,38,40], sparsification [1,27,3,49,48,32], or other more sophisticated strategies [19,46,52,47,6,10]. The second approach-one that we investigate in this paperinstead focuses on increasing the total amount of local computation in between the communication rounds in the hope that this will reduce the total number of communication rounds needed to build a model of sufficient quality [43,55,39,24,37].…”