Robust Optical Clocks Based on Alkaline-Earth Vapor Cells

Level assessment of 87Rb in rubidium-filled MEMS vapor cells by X-ray imaging for atomic magnetometers

“…[21][22][23] Detection of weak magnetic fields requires atomic magnetometers with highly stable systems, extended lifetimes, and exceptional sensitivities. 24) However, the performance and lifetime of magnetometers based on the atomic vapor cells are susceptible to the alkali depletion. Due to the strong reducibility of alkalis, 25) the alkalis in the cell tend to react with the sodium oxide contained in the glass, 26) or irreversibly reduce the silicon dioxide, 27,28) or slowly penetrate into the glass.…”