“…Though the active powers of the tie lines P ac , P tie,A , P tie,B are measurable signals, a direct differentiation operation is not practical because these measurements may be contaminated by noises and the differentiation is sensitive to the high-frequency noises. To obtain the derivative terms of the measured signals, the disturbances auto-rejected control (DARC) [19], which can detect the system states and reject the disturbances automatically, has been proposed and applied in power system control [20]. Another alternative is to design low-pass filters to eliminate the high-frequency noises if the high-frequency band of the noises or the primary frequencies of the inter-area oscillation modes are known [21][22][23].…”