A translating flexible beam system driven by a rodless cylinder using a proportional valve is proposed. Active vibration control of the flexible beam is developed by using a pneumatic cylinder and a surface-bonded piezoelectric actuator. The experimental test bed constitutes a pneumatic circuit, piezoelectric control system, and corresponding interface circuits. Then, a proportional derivative (PD) controller and an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control (AFSMC) algorithm are designed and applied to vibration control of the experimental system. Experiments are conducted for set-point residual vibration suppression and resonant vibration control under the excitation of the first mode. The experimental results indicate that the designed controllers can increase the damping of the system to damp out the residual vibration and minimize certain resonant responses.