Robust cuticular penetration resistance in the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) correlates with increased steady-state transcript levels of CPR-type cuticle protein genes

A Linkage Map and QTL Analysis for Pyrethroid Resistance in the Bed BugCimex lectularius

“…Pyrethroids are one of the most widely used insecticides, but, as over 80% of sampled populations in the United States (Zhu et al 2010), and >95% of sampled populations in Europe (Booth et al 2015), contained the V419L and/or L925I mutation(s), it is likely that target-site-based pyrethroid resistance has become widespread. In addition, several candidate loci associated with metabolic and penetrative resistance have been identified in studies comparing resistant and nonresistant populations, with increased expression of genes coding for detoxifying metabolic enzymes (including P450s, glutathione-S-transferases, and carboxylesterases), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and cuticular protein genes associated with pyrethroid resistance (Adelman et al 2011; Mamidala et al 2011, 2012; Zhu et al 2012; Koganemaru et al 2013). …”

Transcriptome mining: Multigene panel to test delousing drug response in the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi

“…As such, the main barrier against the absorption of insecticides is the cuticle (Vontas et al, 2007). A thickening of the cuticle has been observed in arthropods exposed to pyrethroids, which is directly related to xenobiotic resistance (Wood et al, 2010;Lin et al, 2012;Koganemaru et al, 2013). Microarray analysis of Anapheles stephensi revealed an increased expression of the precursor gene for the cuticle-1 protein in strains resistant to insecticides (Vontas et al, 2007).…”

“…Distinct investigations have demonstrated that this pyrethroid affects all developmental stages of sea louse (Grant, 2002), interacting with sodium channels and depolarizing the nerve endings of the parasite (Burridge et al, 2010). It has moreover been observed that these chemotherapeutants molecularly interact with cuticle proteins, provoking a delay in the penetration of the chemical and a decrease in its bioavailability during the treatment process (Ahmad et al, 2006;Koganemaru et al, 2013).…”

Evidence of Tolerance to Silica-Based Desiccant Dusts in a Pyrethroid-Resistant Strain of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

“…Key amongst these has been a response to the growing global evidence that most field bed bug populations have developed resistance to multiple insecticide groups [5,6,7,8,9,10] and, in particular, that they have become highly resistant to pyrethroid insecticides [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Despite this, and due to a general scarcity of alternative control options [24], when faced with a bed bug infestation both pest management professionals (PMPs) and residents of infested properties continue to apply insecticides in attempts to achieve control [24,25,26,27,28].…”

“…In addition, research on C. lectularius strains collected in the US has determined that pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs over-express genes responsible for cuticle protein development [16], and that other mechanisms of insecticide resistance (such as metabolic detoxification enzymes and kdr -type target site mutations) are concentrated in the epidermal layer of the bed bug’s integument [19]. The impact of the concentration of such resistance mechanisms all within the insect’s integument against insecticides has yet to be fully quantified, and any impact on the efficacy of products containing desiccant dusts is wholly unknown.…”