Robust $${\bf{P}}{\bf{T}}$$ symmetry of two-dimensional fundamental and vortex solitons supported by spatially modulated nonlinearity

Abstract

The real spectrum of bound states produced by -symmetric Hamiltonians usually suffers breakup at a critical value of the strength of gain-loss terms, i.e., imaginary part of the complex potential. The breakup essentially impedes the use of -symmetric systems for various applications. On the other hand, it is known that the symmetry can be made unbreakable in a one-dimensional (1D) model with self-defocusing nonlinearity whose strength grows fast enough from the center to periphery. The model is nonlinearizable, i.e., it does not have a linear spectrum, while the (unbreakable) symmetry in it is defined by spectra of continuous families of nonlinear self-trapped states (solitons). Here we report results for a 2D nonlinearizable model whose symmetry remains unbroken for arbitrarily large values of the gain-loss coefficient. Further, we introduce an extended 2D model with the imaginary part of potential ~xy in the Cartesian coordinates. The latter model is not a -symmetric one, but it also supports continuous families of self-trapped states, thus suggesting an extension of the concept of the symmetry. For both models, universal analytical forms are found for nonlinearizable tails of the 2D modes, and full exact solutions are produced for particular solitons, including ones with the unbreakable symmetry, while generic soliton families are found in a numerical form. The -symmetric system gives rise to generic families of stable single- and double-peak 2D solitons (including higher-order radial states of the single-peak solitons), as well as families of stable vortex solitons with m = 1, 2, and 3. In the model with imaginary potential ~xy, families of single- and multi-peak solitons and vortices are stable if the imaginary potential is subject to spatial confinement. In an elliptically deformed version of the latter model, an exact solution is found for vortex solitons with m = 1.

PT-symmetry and supersymmetry: interconnection of broken and unbroken phases

“…It would also be interesting to extend the present analysis to the nonlinear systems having PT -symmetry [96]. In this case, the nonlinearity of the evolution equation leads to unbreakable PT -symmetry for nonlinear systems [97]. It is worth investigating to observe the generality of this result in other nonlinear systems of physical interest.…”

Rogue waves and lumps on the non-zero background in the PT -symmetric nonlocal Maccari system

“…In the same work, an extended two-dimensional model with an imaginary part of the potential ∼ xy, written in the Cartesian coordinates. The latter is not a PTsymmetric model, but it also supports a continuous family of self-trapped states, which suggests an extension of the concept of the PT symmetry [86], which is another motive for addressing the nonlocal Maccari systen (13).…”

“…In particular, a new two-dimensional nonlinear model was recently introduced in Ref. [86], in which the PT symmetry remains unbroken for arbitrarily large values of the gain-loss coefficient. In the same work, an extended two-dimensional model with an imaginary part of the potential ∼ xy, written in the Cartesian coordinates.…”

PT-symmetric KdV Solutions and Their Algebraic Extension with Zero-Width Resonances

“…Remarkably, the stable solitons have been observed in PT -symmetric optical lattice 26 , where the intrinsic non-linearity of the system plays an important role in their stability 27 . Moreover, a system having defocusing non-linearity and odd gain-loss distribution has been found to have real energy spectra 28 owing to its PT -symmetry that becomes unbreakable for arbitrarily large strength of gain-loss term 29 .…”