Abstract:Peripheral nerves are excellent targets for neural interfaces designed to help amputees control prosthetic limbs. However, existing nerve interfaces have designs that significantly limit system performance. To overcome these limitations, we have combined micromachined neural interfaces with tissue-engineered hydrogel-based scaffolds. These tissue-engineered electronic nerve interfaces (TEENI) enable highly scalable nerve interfaces that provide significant interface-design freedom. The use of a hightemperature… Show more
“…High lipid conditions due to obesity may be involved. Intraneural adipose cells are present inside nerves [ 43 ]. Reina et al examined the distribution of intraneural adipose cells in the sciatic nerve using a scanning electron microscope and reported that adipose tissue inside a nerve surrounded the fascicles to form adipose sheaths that separated the fascicles from one another [ 44 ].…”
Background: The present study investigated the relationships between the median nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) and physical characteristics in patients with unilateral symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods: Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), disease duration, results of electrodiagnostic testing (EDX), and median nerve CSA at the level of the wrist crease were recorded in 81 patients with CTS who presented with symptoms on only one side. Correlation coefficients between median nerve CSA and physical characteristics, disease duration, and results of EDX were analyzed. Results: Median nerve CSA at the wrist crease (mm2) was significantly larger on the symptomatic side (14.1 ± 3.8) than on the asymptomatic side (11.5 ± 2.9). Median nerve CSA correlated with body weight (correlation coefficient = 0.39) and BMI (correlation coefficient = 0.44) on the asymptomatic side, but not on the symptomatic side. These correlations were slightly stronger in females (correlation coefficient = 0.46) than in males (correlation coefficient = 0.40). No correlations between median nerve CSA and disease duration and the results of EDX were observed in both sides. Conclusions: In patients with unilateral symptomatic CTS, median nerve CSA correlated with BMI only on the asymptomatic side. The present results suggest that the relationship between median nerve CSA and BMI in CTS is significant until symptom onset but may be masked by edema and pseudoneuroma after its onset. A higher BMI is associated with a larger CSA of the median nerve, which may be a risk factor for the development of CTS.
“…High lipid conditions due to obesity may be involved. Intraneural adipose cells are present inside nerves [ 43 ]. Reina et al examined the distribution of intraneural adipose cells in the sciatic nerve using a scanning electron microscope and reported that adipose tissue inside a nerve surrounded the fascicles to form adipose sheaths that separated the fascicles from one another [ 44 ].…”
Background: The present study investigated the relationships between the median nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) and physical characteristics in patients with unilateral symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods: Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), disease duration, results of electrodiagnostic testing (EDX), and median nerve CSA at the level of the wrist crease were recorded in 81 patients with CTS who presented with symptoms on only one side. Correlation coefficients between median nerve CSA and physical characteristics, disease duration, and results of EDX were analyzed. Results: Median nerve CSA at the wrist crease (mm2) was significantly larger on the symptomatic side (14.1 ± 3.8) than on the asymptomatic side (11.5 ± 2.9). Median nerve CSA correlated with body weight (correlation coefficient = 0.39) and BMI (correlation coefficient = 0.44) on the asymptomatic side, but not on the symptomatic side. These correlations were slightly stronger in females (correlation coefficient = 0.46) than in males (correlation coefficient = 0.40). No correlations between median nerve CSA and disease duration and the results of EDX were observed in both sides. Conclusions: In patients with unilateral symptomatic CTS, median nerve CSA correlated with BMI only on the asymptomatic side. The present results suggest that the relationship between median nerve CSA and BMI in CTS is significant until symptom onset but may be masked by edema and pseudoneuroma after its onset. A higher BMI is associated with a larger CSA of the median nerve, which may be a risk factor for the development of CTS.
“…REMI allows for stable single-unit recordings for extended periods and has demonstrated successful recordings for almost a full year using biodegradable agarose scaffolds [95]. The tissue-engineered electronic nerve interface (TEENI) consists of thread-like arms in a biodegradable hydrogel scaffold, showing promising results with an excellent SNR in recording trials [96][97][98][99].…”
Peripheral nerve interfaces (PNI) are electrical systems designed to integrate with peripheral nerves in patients, such as following central nervous system (CNS) injuries to augment or replace CNS control and restore function. We review the literature for clinical trials and studies containing clinical outcome measures to explore the utility of human applications of PNIs. We discuss the various types of electrodes currently used for PNI systems and their functionalities and limitations. We discuss important design characteristics of PNI systems, including biocompatibility, resolution and specificity, efficacy, and longevity, to highlight their importance in the current and future development of PNIs. The clinical outcomes of PNI systems are also discussed. Finally, we review relevant PNI clinical trials that were conducted, up to the present date, to restore the sensory and motor function of upper or lower limbs in amputees, spinal cord injury (SCI) patients, or intact individuals and describe their significant findings. This review highlights the current progress in the field of PNIs and serves as a foundation for future development and application of PNI systems.
“…After only 4 days of implantation, the authors recorded single unit activity at the distal electrodes and were able to record electrophysiological activity over 6 weeks. 165 The TEENI was well integrated into the tissue with vascularization and axons throughout the scaffold. A more detailed immunohistochemical analysis was performed in another work and showed the presence of regenerated axons and Schwann cells but also a foreign body response related to the presence of the PI electrode threads.…”
Section: Biohybrid Interfacesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In a following work the TEENI was implanted in a damaged rat sciatic nerve with the distal and proximal nerves placed at the two ends of the device. After only 4 days of implantation, the authors recorded single unit activity at the distal electrodes and were able to record electrophysiological activity over 6 weeks . The TEENI was well integrated into the tissue with vascularization and axons throughout the scaffold.…”
The nervous system
poses a grand challenge for integration with
modern electronics and the subsequent advances in neurobiology, neuroprosthetics,
and therapy which would become possible upon such integration. Due
to its extreme complexity, multifaceted signaling pathways, and ∼1
kHz operating frequency, modern complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) based electronics appear to be the only technology platform
at hand for such integration. However, conventional CMOS-based electronics
rely exclusively on electronic signaling and therefore require an
additional technology platform to translate electronic signals into
the language of neurobiology. Organic electronics are just such a
technology platform, capable of converting electronic addressing into
a variety of signals matching the endogenous signaling of the nervous
system while simultaneously possessing favorable material similarities
with nervous tissue. In this review, we introduce a variety of organic
material platforms and signaling modalities specifically designed
for this role as “translator”, focusing especially on
recent implementation in
in vivo
neuromodulation.
We hope that this review serves both as an informational resource
and as an encouragement and challenge to the field.
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