Robotic friction stir welding – seam-tracking control, force control and process supervision

Abstract

Purpose This study aims to enable robotic friction stir welding (FSW) in practice. The use of robots has hitherto been limited, because of the large contact forces necessary for FSW. These forces are detrimental for the position accuracy of the robot. In this context, it is not sufficient to rely on the robot’s internal sensors for positioning. This paper describes and evaluates a new method for overcoming this issue. Design/methodology/approach A closed-loop robot control system for seam-tracking control and force control, running and recording data in real-time operation, was developed. The complete system was experimentally verified. External position measurements were obtained from a laser seam tracker and deviations from the seam were compensated for, using feedback of the measurements to a position controller. Findings The proposed system was shown to be working well in overcoming position error. The system is flexible and reconfigurable for batch and short production runs. The welds were free of defects and had beneficial mechanical properties. Research limitations/implications In the experiments, the laser seam tracker was used both for control feedback and for performance evaluation. For evaluation, it would be better to use yet another external sensor for position measurements, providing ground truth. Practical implications These results imply that robotic FSW is practically realizable, with the accuracy requirements fulfilled. Originality/value The method proposed in this research yields very accurate seam tracking as compared to previous research. This accuracy, in turn, is crucial for the quality of the resulting material.

A Review of Optimization and Measurement Techniques of the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) Process

“…Guan et al [61] used machine learning, and Rabe et al [62] used a deep learning approach to determine weld quality based on force characteristics during welding. Karlsoon et al [63] used an industrial robot to develop a closed-loop control system for seam-tracking and force control during welding. The welds formed were defect-free, proving robots can be used effectively to conduct the welding process.…”