Robot-assisted flexible ureterorenoscopy: state of the art in 2022

Abstract

Due to the technical improvements in endoscopes and armamentarium, flexible ureterorenoscopy (fURS) has increased in the management of nephrolithiasis over the last decade. fURS is a challenging procedure and therefore limited in some regions. To overcome these challenges, a master-slave robotic system might help dominate fURS. As with other robotic systems, the ergonomic deficits of fURS play an important role in the development of a new robot. All ureterorenoscopy (URS) robots thus far consist of a surgeon’s console and the manipulator of a flexible ureterorenoscope. Handling and maneuverability of the different systems vary, but the master-salve system is common to all robots. Optimal ergonomics and comparable surgical results to conventional flexible URS demonstrate the successful use of some of these robots. In this narrative review, we provide an update on the robot-assisted flexible ureterorenoscopy, the different systems, and the final role and future perspective of robotic fURS.