Roadmap on digital holography [Invited]

Abstract

This Roadmap article on digital holography provides an overview of a vast array of research activities in the field of digital holography. The paper consists of a series of 25 sections from the prominent experts in digital holography presenting various aspects of the field on sensing, 3D imaging and displays, virtual and augmented reality, microscopy, cell identification, tomography, label-free live cell imaging, and other applications. Each section represents the vision of its author to describe the significant progress, potential impact, important developments, and challenging issues in the field of digital holography.

Video-Rate Quantitative Phase Imaging Using a Digital Holographic Microscope and a Generative Adversarial Network

“…Because phase measurements encode sample’s topography and refractive index information, QPI methodologies have been widely utilized for diagnosing diseases and refining manufacturing processes [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Among the reported QPI techniques, methods based on the transport equation [ 5 , 6 ], the Hilbert transform [ 7 , 8 , 9 ], the diffraction of white light [ 10 , 11 ], and digital holographic microscopy (DHM) [ 12 , 13 , 14 ] are counted among the most utilized. The DHM systems are based on optical interferometry to reconstruct both amplitude and phase distributions of biological and non-biological specimens, providing functional and morphological sample information.…”

“…The DHM systems are based on optical interferometry to reconstruct both amplitude and phase distributions of biological and non-biological specimens, providing functional and morphological sample information. Owing to its high sensitivity, imaged field of view, and frame rate acquisition, DHM stands out among the QPI techniques to reconstruct high-resolution phase images from unstained samples [ 13 ]. The robustness and sensitivity of the phase measurements in some DHM systems within the nanometric range have allowed dynamic imaging, for instance, three-dimensional (3D) particle tracking [ 15 , 16 ], cell motility studies [ 17 , 18 , 19 ], and dynamic changes of surface topography [ 20 , 21 ].…”

“…Over the last decade, DHM has become a mature technology thanks to thousands of research studies that have focused on investigating its optical design, phase reconstruction algorithms, and potential applications of this modality to life and materials sciences [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Despite the successful performance of DHM systems, its applicability to in situ clinical research has been partially hampered by the need for a standard phase reconstruction algorithm that provides quantitative phase distributions without any phase distortion [ 13 ]. The presence of phase aberrations may provide inaccurate results, leading to erroneous conclusions about specimen properties.…”

“…The presence of phase aberrations may provide inaccurate results, leading to erroneous conclusions about specimen properties. Accurate phase measurements are imperative since variations in phase measurements are used as a diagnostic and measuring tool in life sciences [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. The DHM technology retrieves this phase distribution after applying a computational reconstruction approach.…”

Spatial nonlinear optics for securing information

“…Securing information with optical means has attracted much current attention, since double random phase encoding 1 was proposed. The remarkable characteristics of optical encryption 2 – 9 , e.g., parallel processing and multi-dimensional capabilities, have been continuously explored. For instance, parallel processing can be realized by using optical devices, and multiple-dimensional and multiple-parameter capabilities of the light are explored and applied in optical image encryption systems.…”