Roadmap of Solid-State Lithium-Organic Batteries toward 500 Wh kg^–1

Abstract

Over the past few years, solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their credible promise toward high-energy batteries. In parallel, organic battery electrode materials (OBEMs) are gaining momentum as strong candidates thanks to their lower environmental footprint, flexibility in molecular design and high energy metrics. Integration of the two constitutes a potential synergy to enable energy-dense solidstate batteries (SSBs) with high safety, low cost, and long-term sustainability. In this Review, we present the technological feasibility of combining OBEMs with SSEs along with the possible cell configurations that may result from this peculiar combination. We provide an overview of organic SSBs and discuss their main challenges. We analyze the performance-limiting factors and the critical cell design parameters governing cell-level specific energy and energy density. Lastly, we propose guidelines to achieve 500 Wh kg −1 cell-level specific energy with solid-state Li−organic batteries.

Practically Accessible All‐Solid‐State Batteries Enabled by Organosulfide Cathodes and Sulfide Electrolytes

“…[ 3 ] The integration of OEMs into an ASSB system, in which the dissolution can be suppressed by taking advantage of the inherent immobility of solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs), could be the ultimate solution. [ 4 ]…”

“…[ 5d ] A combination of oxide electrolytes with OEMs is often discouraged by the poor processability and mediocre ionic conductivity of oxide electrolytes. [ 4 ] Surprisingly, these dilemmas can be fully managed with sulfide electrolytes, benefiting from their high ionic conductivity (>1 mS cm −1 at 25 °C), facile processability, and compatibility of their electrochemical stability window (ESW) with the redox potential of OEMs. [ 6,8 ] To date, only a scarce few OEMs, mainly carbonyl‐based molecules, have been successfully exploited for sulfide‐based ASSBs; [ 6 ] However, these batteries still face one or more practical challenges.…”

“…can be suppressed by taking advantage of the inherent immobility of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), could be the ultimate solution. [4] Three types of SSEs are usually used in an ASSB: solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), [5] sulfide electrolytes, [6] and oxide electrolytes. [7] SPEs often exhibit a poor ionic conductivity at room temperature, while an elevated temperature may induce the diffusion of OEMs into SPEs, causing capacity decay over time.…”

Tuning Ion/Electron Conducting Properties at Electrified Interfaces for Practical All‐Solid‐State Li–Metal Batteries

“…[1,2] ASSLMBs can break the safety concerns and energy density limitations of traditional Li-ion batteries (LIBs) by replacing the flammable liquid electrolyte and ion-intercalated anode materials with solid-state electrolyte (SSE) and energy-dense Li-metal anodes. [3,4] Extensive studies have demonstrated SSE can achieve competitive ionic conductivity (e.g., 1-10 mS cm -1 ) by molecule/crystal structure designs. [5,6] In additions, the stable electrochemical performances of ASSLMBs under extreme working conditions (e.g., bend, cut, nail penetration or flame tests) [7] open up new opportunities for intrinsically safe energy storage technologies beyond traditional LIBs.…”

A rational configuration for ultralong lifespan all-solid-state organic sodium-metal batteries

“…21,22 Using solid-state electrolytes is an effectual way to address the aforementioned concerns. [23][24][25][26][27][28] As a typical molecular plastic crystal, succinonitrile (SN) has several advantages including high polarity, high dielectric constant (3 ¼ 55) and strong oxygen resistance. 29,30 However, SN is not suitable as an electrolyte matrix because it can react with alkali metals.…”