Roadmap for the next generation of dynamic function allocation theories and strategies

Abstract

Dynamic function allocation theories have matured, but not to the extent that they can be implemented in actual environments. The authors identify a roadmap to help to get to that stage, after a brief review of relevant function allocation theories and the gaps in knowledge in adaptive allocation theories. Past research has focused on short-term implementations of dynamic function allocation, which last for minutes (but never more than a few hours). Stable and enduring implementations of dynamic function allocation, lasting over days or possibly years, require a better and scientific understanding of the interaction among trigger mechanisms, adaptation strategies, and interruption strategies. The possibility of an unintentional consequence of this adaptive allocation, that the automated agent becomes confined to limited levels of automation, has to be ruled out after experimental evidence. C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effects of movement speed and predictability in human–robot collaboration

“…However, this would also mean leaving the abilities of the robot untapped. A more comprehensive approach may therefore be preferable where dynamic levels of automation are applied (Lagu & Landry, ). This adaptive allocation can ameliorate problems of both speed and predictability without increasing operator workload.…”

“…Here, the optimal level of automation would be applied for any given situation. This approach brings with it other challenges, such as acquisition and assessment of data on context and conditions, and adequate trigger mechanisms and reallocation strategies (Lagu & Landry, ). However, it can be seen as an intriguing solution to the problems referred to above.…”

“…At lower levels, aspects of information acquisition, processing, and implementation are carried out mainly by the human, while at higher levels, more of these aspects are transferred to the machine (Parasuraman & Wickens, ). However, higher levels of automation do not necessarily guarantee higher levels of productivity, safety, or operator well‐being, as they may induce other problems, such as confusion, complacency, or loss of certain skills (Lagu & Landry, ; Parasuraman & Riley, ).…”

Decision-Making Framework for Implementing Safer Human-Robot Collaboration Workstations: System Dynamics Modeling

“…Considering the objectives, assessments, simulations, evaluations, and investments to be made, the workstation condition justifies the implementation of an industrial HRC system. It has been taken into account that by thinking on the whole system, higher levels of automation do not necessarily guarantee higher levels of productivity, safety, or operator well-being [70]. Higher LoC may induce other problems, such as confusion, complacency, or loss of certain skills.…”

Framework for designing Adaptive Automation

“…In partial allocation, a function may be partially automated by applying fixed LOAs, which should be appropriately selected to match the need of situational demands made on human capabilities at any moment. In gradual allocation, the goal is to either increase or decrease LOA gradually until the demands are sufficiently satisfied; the concept of this strategy is somewhat similar to the procedures that one may take to measure chemicals' weight using analytical balancer, where mass is added or subtracted until the equilibrium in balance happens (Lagu & Landry, 2011). Table 1.…”