Road Transport System in Southeast Asia; Problems and Economic Solutions

Abstract

In Southeast Asian countries (SEA), road transport accounts for the main energy consumption and CO2 emission. Air pollution is a major concern in densely populated cities such as Bangkok, Manila, and Kuala Lumpur. The main objective of this paper is to give insights on trends of transport development, car ownership, and CO2 emissions in Southeast Asia. This study also attempts to review the successful transportation policies around the globe and to introduce the possible instruments that can help reduce air pollution in Southeast Asian countries. Economic instruments to estimate the benefits of a cleaner environment due to new policies are introduced as well. The results of this research could help policy makers consider approaches that could internalize external costs of transportation and maximize the societal welfare.

Are Malaysians eager to use their cars less? Forecasting mode choice behaviors under new policies

“…It is not a surprise, though, considering current travel time by bus, which is reflected in the respondents' choices. This result is similar to Kamba et al (2007), Eluru et al (2012), Eliasson (2014), andChiu Chuen et al (2014).…”

“…There are 30 expressways with 1798 kilometers length in Malaysia, making it the best expressway network in Southeast Asia (Kaffashi et al, 2016). However, this massive development in urbanization and road system was not without its costs and impacts.…”

“…Travel time was computed in comparison with travel time by car in 2030 (e.g., travel time by train would be 40% less than travel time by car for the same trip in 2030). In extracting bus travel time, a review of the existing literature in Malaysia (e.g., studies by Leong et al, 2009;Nurdden et al, 2007;Kamba et al, 2007) and advice from SPAD and transportation experts from University Technology Malaysia (UiTM) were taken into account (for more detail please see Kaffashi et al, 2015).…”

PM2.5 Concentration Pattern in ASEAN Countries Based on Population Density

“…Negara-negara yang telah cukup berhasil dalam mengembangkan sistem transportasi yang ramah lingkungan, yaitu dengan meningkatkan peran kendaraan transportasi umum berbasis listrik, maupun negara dengan jumlah penduduk bersepeda cukup tinggi, relatif mampu mereduksi emisi di sektor transportasi. Namun kebanyakan negara berkembang seperti negara-negara di Asia Tenggara (ASEAN) masih memiliki masalah serius terkait pesatnya pertumbuhan kendaraan bermotor baik di perkotaan maupun wilayah pedesaan [7,8].…”