Road gradient and cycling power: An observational study in male professional cyclists

Mateo‐March, Manuel; Muriel, Xabier; Zabala, Míkel; Lucı́a, Alejandro; Pallarés, Jesús G.; Barranco-Gil, David

doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2022.10.001

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…It was important to standardize the gradient of the climb as the gradient has been shown to influence power output values. The 5.5% value is slightly below that value that has been shown to give the highest power output values in professional cycling (6%–7%) (Valenzuela et al., 2022).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

The intensity rather than the quantity of prior work determines the subsequent downward shift in the power duration relationship in professional cyclists

Spragg,

Leo,

Giorgi

et al. 2024

European Journal of Sport Science

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To determine whether the intensity of prior work is an important contributing factor to the downward shift in the power‐duration relationship. Data were collected from 14 professional cyclists (height 176.3 cm ± 7, body mass 67.3 kg ± 5, CP, 5.3 W·kg−1 ± 0.21). Participants conducted a power profile test three times consisting of a 15s, a 3 min and a 12 min maximal effort trial utilizing a standardized climb. On the first occasion, the power profile test was conducted in a fresh state (Fresh), the subsequent power profile tests were conducted after two different fatiguing protocols: ∼2000 kJ of work at <70% of CP (low‐intensity continuous (LIC)) and following a novel fatiguing protocol consisting of 5 × 8 min at 105%–110% of CP (HI). Participants conducted significantly less work in HI compared with LIC, however, 1 and 15s power were significantly lower post‐HI than LIC. The 3‐min power output was significantly lower post‐HI than Fresh but not significantly lower in LIC than Fresh. The 12‐min power output and CP were not significantly different between conditions. These findings demonstrate the importance of the intensity of prior work in the resultant downward shift in the power‐duration relationship, especially for shorter‐duration efforts and suggest that the total amount of work done is alone not sufficient to describe prior work.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

The intensity rather than the quantity of prior work determines the subsequent downward shift in the power duration relationship in professional cyclists

Spragg,

Leo,

Giorgi

et al. 2024

European Journal of Sport Science

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“…Therefore, the increase in performance in the field was possible mainly because of a higher V˙normalO2peak coupled with a preserved efficiency. It is known that higher PO may be attained in outdoor vs indoor (25) and in uphill vs flat terrain (29,34), in particular when stationary cycling on an ergometer is compared with free cycling in the field (5,6,25). Recently, it was found that professional cyclists achieved the highest maximal mean PO values at an apparently optimal average gradient of 6–7% (34), strikingly similar to the 6.7% of our 20-minute TT (Figure 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that higher PO may be attained in outdoor vs indoor ( 25 ) and in uphill vs flat terrain ( 29 , 34 ), in particular when stationary cycling on an ergometer is compared with free cycling in the field ( 5 , 6 , 25 ). Recently, it was found that professional cyclists achieved the highest maximal mean PO values at an apparently optimal average gradient of 6–7% ( 34 ), strikingly similar to the 6.7% of our 20-minute TT (Figure 1 ). Riding out of the saddle could also contribute to the increase in short-term PO ( 26 ), although our subjects adopted this position only for a handful of seconds across the 20-minute TT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Threshold Power Field Test Exceeds Laboratory Performance in Junior Road Cyclists

Vinetti

Rossi²,

Bruseghini

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The functional threshold power field test exceeds laboratory performance in junior road cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1815-1820, 2023-The functional threshold power (FTP) field test is appealing for junior cyclists, but it was never investigated in this age category, and even in adults, there are few data on FTP collected in field conditions. Nine male junior road cyclists (16.9 6 0.8 years) performed laboratory determination of maximal aerobic power (MAP), 4-mM lactate threshold (P 4mM ), critical power (CP), and the curvature constant (W9), plus a field determination of FTP as 95% of the average power output during a 20-minute time trial in an uphill road. The level of significance was set at p , 0.05. Outdoor FTP (269 6 34 W) was significantly higher than CP (236 6 24 W) and P 4mM (233 6 23 W). The _ VO 2peak of the field FTP test (66.9 6 4.4 ml•kg 21 •min 21 ) was significantly higher than the _ VO 2peak assessed in the laboratory (62.7 6 3.7 ml•kg 21 •min 2 1 ). Functional threshold power was correlated, in descending order, with MAP (r 5 0.95), P 4mM (r 5 0.94), outdoor and indoor _ VO 2peak (r 5 0.93 and 0.93, respectively), CP (r 5 0.84), and W9 (r 5 0.66). It follows that in junior road cyclists, the FTP field test was feasible and related primarily to aerobic endurance parameters and secondarily, but notably, to W9. However, the FTP field test significantly exceeded all laboratory performance tests. When translating laboratory results to outdoor uphill conditions, coaches and sport scientists should consider this discrepancy, which may be particularly enhanced in this cycling age category.

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“…The coefficient of rolling resistance is influenced by tire pressure, suspension type, and bicycle wheel diameter [9]. The road gradient for the highway is determined to be 5% [10].…”

Section: Torque and Power Of Motormentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Mid Drive Electric Cargo Bike for Urban Area

Tjandra,

Candra,

Saputra

et al. 2023

Atlantis Highlights in Engineering

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Some couriers use bicycles for work. However, it is not efficient because relies on their stamina, which can affect the delivery duration and capacity. E-bike can be a solution to this problem. However, its price is unaffordable for most couriers. It is necessary to modify the couriers' bicycles into e-bike. They simply need to purchase the appropriate electric motor device and battery, and then assemble them onto their bicycles following specific procedures. Generally, electric motor device is used to drive the rear wheel. Courier's cargo basket is located at the back of the bicycle, causing a shift in bicycle's center of mass towards the rear. Mid-drive electric motor devices are expensive and require extensive modifications to bicycle frame. Therefore, it is necessary to design and modify the rear-wheel electric motor device into a mid-drive system, making the bicycle more stable and safer for delivering goods at an affordable price. Design process involves studying literature and data, concept generation, analysis of electric motor and battery, control system design, motor bracket design, and transmission design, and prototyping. Total load capacity of mid-drive train e-cargo bike is 143 kgf, average speed 25 km/h on flat roads. This e-cargo bike uses MY1016Z2 electric motor with specification 250 W, 24 V, gear ratio 1:9.78, and throttle control system. The battery used is LiFePO4 24V/80Ah. The electric motor requires 200 W, with 8.33-ampere current. The maximum range of the electric bicycle is 240 km, with a maximum usage duration of 9.6 hours.

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Road gradient and cycling power: An observational study in male professional cyclists

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

The intensity rather than the quantity of prior work determines the subsequent downward shift in the power duration relationship in professional cyclists

The intensity rather than the quantity of prior work determines the subsequent downward shift in the power duration relationship in professional cyclists

Functional Threshold Power Field Test Exceeds Laboratory Performance in Junior Road Cyclists

Design of Mid Drive Electric Cargo Bike for Urban Area

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