RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) Based Transcriptome Analysis in Immune Response of Holstein Cattle to Killed Vaccine against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type I

Abstract

Immune response of 107 vaccinated Holstein cattle was initially obtained prior to the ELISA test. Five cattle with high and low bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type I antibody were identified as the final experimental animals. Blood samples from these animals were then utilized to determine significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the RNA-seq transcriptome analysis and enrichment analysis. Our analysis identified 261 DEGs in cattle identified as experimental animals. Functional enrichment analysis in gene ontology (GO) annotations and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways revealed the DEGs potentially induced by the inactivated BVDV type I vaccine, and might be responsible for the host immune responses. Our findings suggested that inactivated vaccine induced upregulation of genes involved in different GO annotations, including antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen (via MHC class I), immune response, and positive regulation of interferon-gamma production. The observed downregulation of other genes involved in immune response might be due to inhibition of toll-like receptors (TLRs) by the upregulation of the Bcl-3 gene. Meanwhile, the result of KEGG pathways revealed that the majority of DEGs were upregulated and enriched to different pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, platelet activation, extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, hematopoietic cell lineage, and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. These significant pathways supported our initial findings and are known to play a vital role in shaping adaptive immunity against BVDV type 1. In addition, type 1 diabetes mellitus pathways tended to be significantly enriched. Thus, further studies are needed to investigate the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in cattle vaccinated with inactivated and live BVDV vaccine.

Post-Translational Protein Deimination Signatures in Serum and Serum-Extracellular Vesicles of Bos taurus Reveal Immune, Anti-Pathogenic, Anti-Viral, Metabolic and Cancer-Related Pathways for Deimination

“…In the cow, ECM-receptor interactions are amongst other related to depot-specific adipogenesis [195] and found to be over-represented in specific cattle breeds [196]. ECM-receptor interaction pathway has furthermore been identified in Holstein cattle in relation to adaptive immune responses following viral vaccination [197] and in intra-mammary infection with Streptococcus agalactiae [198]. Therefore, deimination in this pathway may be of significant importance in anti-bacterial and anti-viral responses.…”

Post-Translational Protein Deimination Signatures in Plasma and Plasma EVs of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

“…The ECM receptor interaction KEGG pathway was also identified as enriched in deiminated proteins and plays multifaceted roles (both direct and indirect) in apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell differentiation, migration and proliferation. The ECM receptor interaction pathway is also related to anti-bacterial and anti-viral responses [ 63 , 64 ], as well as cancer [ 65 ]; furthermore, deimination enrichment in this pathway has been identified in brain cancer [ 50 ]. The ECM receptor interaction pathway has been found enriched in deiminated proteins in cattle [ 20 ], in long lived and cancer resistant animals such as whale [ 14 ] and long-lived birds such as albatross [ 25 ], as well as in alligator, an animal with unusual anti-bacterial and anti-viral responses [ 18 ].…”

Th17 Cell Differentiation Induced by Cytopathogenic Biotype BVDV-2 in Bovine PBLCs

“…As a newly developed high-throughput sequencing technology, RNA-Seq has been used widely in different fields, providing an effective means to study the interactions between pathogens and hosts [29][30][31]. Although the transcriptomes of host cells inoculated with BVDV at the early stage of infection were sequenced [32][33][34], the mechanism responsible for the host immune function dysregulation caused by BVDV was not clear. In addition, accumulated evidence showed that different subtypes, biotypes, and isolates of BVDV induced different levels of immune responses [35][36][37][38][39].…”