“…The escalating levels of PE significantly influence the nutrient cycle [ 12 ] in aquatic systems, which can ultimately result in tissue damage in animals [ 13 ]. Ingestion of microplastics causes a significant change in the expression of immune genes [ 14 ] and can cause severe consequences when attached to tissues [ 15 ], including the retardation of fundamental functions such as nutrition, development, growth, reproduction, and survival. Recent breakthroughs in transcriptome sequencing technology have provided researchers with a more efficient way to delineate the fate of toxicants, antagonistic effects, and biological responses, thereby enabling them to better understand and address the issue of MPs pollution [ 16 ].…”