RNA Sequence Analysis Reveals Expected and Novel Immuno-Modulatory Activities by <em>Sutherlandia&nbsp;frutescens</em>

Abstract

Sutherlandia frutescens&amp;nbsp;(S. frutescens) has been traditionally used as an herbal medicine to ameliorate symptoms associated with cancer, infectious diseases, as well as inflammation. The objective of this investigation was to explore the impact of S. frutescens&amp;nbsp;on the expression of genes in a murine macrophage cell line (i.e., RAW 264.7). We found that treatment with an ethanolic-extract of S. frutescens&amp;nbsp;(SFE) 1 h prior to the stimulation with LPS and IFN&amp;gamma; for 24 h significantly affected the expression of 715 genes in RAW 264.7 cells. When the post-stimulation period was shortened to 8 h, the number of genes that were significantly impacted by SFE diminished to 50. Pathway analysis revealed that inflammatory signaling pathways, such as NF-&amp;kappa;B, MAPK, and TNF, as well as signaling pathways associated with immune-related responses, were inhibited by SFE treatment. These findings are consistent with previously reported anti-inflammatory activity of SFE and enable better understanding of the immune-modulating properties of this botanical. To our knowledge, this represents the first report on the impact of S. frutescens&amp;nbsp;on global gene expression in an immune cell population.