RNA-seq of the medusavirus suggests remodeling of the host nuclear environment at an early infection stage

Abstract

Nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) undergo a cytoplasmic or nucleo-cytoplasmic cycle, and the latter involves both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments to proceed viral replication. Medusavirus, a recently isolated NCLDV, has a nucleo-cytoplasmic replication cycle in amoebas during which the host nuclear membrane apparently remains intact, a unique feature among amoeba-infecting giant viruses. The medusavirus genome lacks most transcription genes but encodes a full set of histone genes. To investigate the infection strategy, we performed a time-course RNA-seq experiment. All the viral genes were transcribed and classified into five temporal expression clusters. The immediate early genes (cluster 1, 42 genes) were mostly (83%) of unknown functions, frequently (95%) associated with a palindromic promoter-like motif, and enriched (45%) in putative nuclear-targeting genes. The later genes (clusters 2-5) were assigned to various functional categories. The viral linker histone H1 gene was in cluster 1, whereas the four core histone genes were in cluster 3, suggesting they had distinct roles during the course of the virus infection. The transcriptional profile of the host amoeba, Acanthamoeba castellanii, genes was greatly altered post-infection. Several encystment-related host genes showed increased representation levels at 48 hours post-infection, which is consistent with the previously reported amoeba encystment upon medusavirus infection. Overall, the transcriptional landscape during the course of medusavirus infection suggests that the virus modifies the host nuclear environment immediately after the initiation of infection.

Clandestinovirus: A Giant Virus With Chromatin Proteins and a Potential to Manipulate the Cell Cycle of Its Host Vermamoeba vermiformis

“…Collectively, these observations suggest that clandestinovirus takes control of the cell cycle and optimizes the mitochondrial functions to boost its replication. Recent findings with Acanthamoeba castellanii medusavirus support this hypothesis (Zhang et al, 2021). Indeed, the authors have shown an alteration of the transcription of nuclear genes and a maintenance of the genes associated with mitochondria.…”