RNA Packaging

Berkowitz, Robert D.; Fisher, John; Goff, Stephen P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-80145-7_6

Cited by 276 publications

(372 citation statements)

References 193 publications

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“…In addition, retroviral virions are diploid: two genomic RNA copies are consistently incorporated (Figure 1), a feature that is the basis for the prolific recombination displayed by retroviral genomes. Expression of only the Gag polyprotein, which the viral protease processes into structural proteins that include matrix (MA), capsid (CA) and nucleocapsid (NC), is sufficient to direct formation of particles that are competent to encapsidate genomic RNA [63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]. In mammalian retroviruses, RNA encapsidation signals are located within variable portions of the 5 untranslated region and usually extend into proximal gag [65].…”

Section: Encapsidation Determinantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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FIV: from lentivirus to lentivector

Saenz

Poeschla

2004

J. Gene Med.

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SummaryMolecular virological understanding of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) life cycle is increasing, facilitating rational derivation of improved vectors from this non-primate lentivirus. The packaging signal has been mapped, a central DNA flap has been identified, and class I integrase mutants have been validated. Vector systems with improved effectiveness and safety profiles are being applied by a number of laboratories in several pre-clinical models, with demonstrated efficacy in human tissues. The comparative lentivirological research that facilitates FIV vector development may also yield insights into the still enigmatic molecular basis for a signature lentiviral property with pathogenetic and therapeutic importance: permanent transgene integration in non-dividing cells. This review discusses virological aspects of lentiviral vector development, as well as some recent controversies and applications.

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Section: Encapsidation Determinantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SL1, SL3 and SL4, and to a lesser extent SL2, are important for efficient packaging [75][76][77][78][79][80]. SL1 also participates in the initiation of RNA dimerization [66,77]. SL3 contains a specific binding site for HIV-1 NC [81][82][83], although cooperative binding to multiple loops has also been suggested [84].…”

Section: Encapsidation Determinantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

FIV: from lentivirus to lentivector

Saenz

Poeschla

2004

J. Gene Med.

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“…HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) contains two Cys-His boxes (also termed Zn ++ fingers) that, although important for genomic RNA packaging (49) and the annealing step during minus strand transfer (50), are not important for tRNA Lys3 annealing, which is more dependent upon basic amino acid regions flanking the first Cys-His box. This has been shown both in vitro (47,51,52) and in vivo (53).…”

Section: Viral and Cellular Proteins Regulating Trna Lys3 /Genomic Rnmentioning

confidence: 99%

tRNALys3: The Primer tRNA for Reverse Transcription in HIV‐1

Kleiman

2002

IUBMB Life

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“…The 5Ј-UTR has several elements that are important for the HIV-1 viral life cycle (32), one of which is the dimerization initiation sequence (DIS) (8). The DIS is important for viral genomic RNA packaging into the virion because it promotes annealing between the two RNA genomes and also interacts with the p24 gag protein that plays a role in the packaging of viral genomes (17). Deletion of the DIS results in decreased viral infectivity, which can be restored by mutations in gag (V35I in matrix, I91T in capsid, T12I in p2, and T24I in nucleocapsid) (98, 99).…”

Section: -Utrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Significance of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Fitness

Dykes

Demeter

2007

Clin Microbiol Rev

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SUMMARY The relative fitness of a variant, according to population genetics theory, is that variant's relative contribution to successive generations. Most drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants have reduced replication fitness, but at least some of these deficits can be compensated for by the accumulation of second-site mutations. HIV-1 replication fitness also appears to influence the likelihood of a drug-resistant mutant emerging during treatment failure and is postulated to influence clinical outcomes. A variety of assays are available to measure HIV-1 replication fitness in cell culture; however, there is no agreement regarding which assays best correlate with clinical outcomes. A major limitation is that there is no high-throughput assay that incorporates an internal reference strain as a control and utilizes intact virus isolates. Some retrospective studies have demonstrated statistically significant correlations between HIV-1 replication fitness and clinical outcomes in some patient populations. However, different studies disagree as to which clinical outcomes are most closely associated with fitness. This may be in part due to assay design, sample size limitations, and differences in patient populations. In addition, the strength of the correlations between fitness and clinical outcomes is modest, suggesting that, at present, it would be difficult to utilize these assays for clinical management.

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RNA Packaging

Cited by 276 publications

References 193 publications

FIV: from lentivirus to lentivector

FIV: from lentivirus to lentivector

tRNALys3: The Primer tRNA for Reverse Transcription in HIV‐1

Clinical Significance of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Fitness

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