RNA Interference-Mediated Intrinsic Antiviral Immunity in Invertebrates

Nayak, Arabinda; Tassetto, Michel; Kunitomi, Mark; Andino, Raul

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37765-5_7

Cited by 52 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Dicer is a key protein involved in RNA interference-mediated antiviral immunity [48]. The oyster has a dicer gene (Cg15093) gene with all characteristic domains, although it did not respond to OsHV-1mVar infection; however, a novel dicer-like gene (Cg20752) that lacks the PAZ and ribonuclease domains was up-regulated (p ¼ 0.014) by OsHV-1mVar infection (Fig.…”

Section: Rig-1-like Receptors and Responses Targeting Viral Rnamentioning

confidence: 95%

“…3B). Homologs of another key gene involved in antiviral RNAi activity, Ago2 [48], were found in the oyster genome (Cg08155 and Cg20511), but they were not up-regulated in response to OsHV-1mVar challenge. Instead, eight other ribonuclease genes, were highly up-regulated, and three ribonuclease inhibitor genes were down-regulated ( Fig.…”

Section: Rig-1-like Receptors and Responses Targeting Viral Rnamentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Recognition and destruction of virus-derived RNA through RNA interference is a major antiviral response, which is particularly important for plants and invertebrates that do not have antibodymediated adaptive immunity [48]. Retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-1 like receptors (RLRs) are a group of PRRs that recognize viral nucleic acids and trigger an inflammatory response.…”

Section: Rig-1-like Receptors and Responses Targeting Viral Rnamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptome analysis reveals strong and complex antiviral response in a mollusc

He¹,

Jouaux²,

Ford³

et al. 2015

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

119

137

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Section: Rig-1-like Receptors and Responses Targeting Viral Rnamentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Rig-1-like Receptors and Responses Targeting Viral Rnamentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Rig-1-like Receptors and Responses Targeting Viral Rnamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Transcriptome analysis reveals strong and complex antiviral response in a mollusc

He¹,

Jouaux²,

Ford³

et al. 2015

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

119

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…With the help of R2D2, these duplexes are loaded onto AGO2, an RNase H-like enzyme, where one of the two strands is cleaved and discarded, while the other (guide strand) is retained and used to target AGO2 toward viral RNA molecules. Genetic studies have shown that the siRNA pathway plays an important role in the control of many viruses with RNA or DNA genomes, several of which express suppressors of this host defense mechanism (viral suppressors of RNAi, or VSRs) (reviewed in references [9][10][11]. A second layer of defense is composed of cellular mechanisms, such as apoptosis and autophagy, and the induced expression of genes contributing to the control of viral infection (reviewed in references [12][13][14].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Drosophila C Virus Systemic Infection Leads to Intestinal Obstruction

Chtarbanova

Lamiable

Lee

et al. 2014

J Virol

104

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Drosophila C virus (DCV) is a positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Dicistroviridae family. This natural pathogen of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster is commonly used to investigate antiviral host defense in flies, which involves both RNA interference and inducible responses. Although lethality is used routinely as a readout for the efficiency of the antiviral immune response in these studies, virus-induced pathologies in flies still are poorly understood. Here, we characterize the pathogenesis associated with systemic DCV infection. Comparison of the transcriptome of flies infected with DCV or two other positive-sense RNA viruses, Flock House virus and Sindbis virus, reveals that DCV infection, unlike those of the other two viruses, represses the expression of a large number of genes. Several of these genes are expressed specifically in the midgut and also are repressed by starvation. We show that systemic DCV infection triggers a nutritional stress in Drosophila which results from intestinal obstruction with the accumulation of peritrophic matrix at the entry of the midgut and the accumulation of the food ingested in the crop, a blind muscular food storage organ. The related virus cricket paralysis virus (CrPV), which efficiently grows in Drosophila, does not trigger this pathology. We show that DCV, but not CrPV, infects the smooth muscles surrounding the crop, causing extensive cytopathology and strongly reducing the rate of contractions. We conclude that the pathogenesis associated with systemic DCV infection results from the tropism of the virus for an important organ within the foregut of dipteran insects, the crop. IMPORTANCEDCV is one of the few identified natural viral pathogens affecting the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. As such, it is an important virus for the deciphering of host-virus interactions in insects. We characterize here the pathogenesis associated with DCV infection in flies and show that it results from the tropism of the virus for an essential but poorly characterized organ in the digestive tract, the crop. Our results may have relevance for other members of the Dicistroviridae, some of which are pathogenic to beneficial or pest insect species.

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“…Therefore, the immune system surveys dsRNA, since it is a typical product of parasitic elements, and possibly a "danger" signal [60]. The dsRNA, which transposons and RNA viruses produce, serves as a substrate for the RNAi machinery, leading to the production of heritable inhibitory viRNA and piRNA "memories" [21,43,60,61], as discussed above.…”

Section: Black List: Inherited Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guest list or black list: heritable small RNAs as immunogenic memories

Rechavi

2014

Trends in Cell Biology

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Small RNA-mediated gene silencing plays a pivotal role in genome immunity by recognizing and eliminating viruses and transposons which otherwise may colonize the genome. However, this can be challenging since individual genomic parasites are highly diverse, and employ multiple immune evasion techniques. In this review, I discuss a new theory proposing that the integrity of the germline is maintained by transgenerationally-transmitted RNA "memories" that record ancestral gene expression patterns, and delineate "Self" from "Foreign" sequences. To maintain such recollection two tactics are employed in parallel: "black listing" of invading nucleic acids, and "guest listing" of endogenous genes. Studies in a number of organisms have shown that this memorization is used by the next generation small RNAs to act as "Inherited Vaccines" that ambush invading elements, or as "Inherited Licenses" that grant the transcription of autogenous sequences. KeywordsSmall RNA; Transgenerational Inheritance; Inherited Immunity; Self Vs. Non-Self; "Inherited Vaccines" Overview of transgenerational inheritanceEvolution progresses through an interplay between two major forces, selection and variation. Since the formulation of the Modern Synthesis the theory holds that the environment is limited in its contribution to the evolutionary course of action -it affects selection, but not the degree of variation [1,2]. However, recent discoveries in epigenetics suggest that the environment may influence variability as well [1]. If the parental environment is predictive of the conditions that the progeny will face (often for sessile or short-lived organisms), epigenetic responses can change the output of the encoded genetic information in an adaptive manner [3]. For example, the water flea Daphnia changes its normal developmental course and develops a "helmet" that protects it from predators, if it is born to a mother that survived a similar attack [4].Correspondence to: odedrechavi@gmail.com. Over the years, controversy surrounded the study of environmentally affected transgenerational inheritance. Today, an improved understanding of epigenetic mechanisms at the molecular level has provided a logical background to explain how, heretically, an adaptive acquired trait could become heritable [5]. Several epigenetic mechanisms could regulate the expression of relevant genes during transgenerational inheritance including DNA methylation, histone modification, and transmission of regulatory RNAs. Moreover, in many organisms, these pathways appear to be interconnected [5][6][7][8]. Europe PMC Funders GroupThis review will concentrate on recent discoveries that establish a role for small RNAs in transgenerational transmission of acquired defense. Furthermore, exciting examples of RNA-mediated non-Mendelian genetic effects will be discussed, along with their possible implications for the study of evolution and immunology. RNA-mediated gene silencing and inheritanceSince the original discovery that small RNAs derived from exogenously-provided dou...

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RNA Interference-Mediated Intrinsic Antiviral Immunity in Invertebrates

Cited by 52 publications

References 96 publications

Transcriptome analysis reveals strong and complex antiviral response in a mollusc

Transcriptome analysis reveals strong and complex antiviral response in a mollusc

Drosophila C Virus Systemic Infection Leads to Intestinal Obstruction

Guest list or black list: heritable small RNAs as immunogenic memories

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