RNA expression studies in stroke: what can they tell us about stroke mechanism?

Abstract

Purpose of review Diagnosis of stroke and understanding the mechanism of stroke is critical to implement optimal treatment. RNA expressed in peripheral blood cells is emerging as a precision biomarker to aid in stroke diagnosis and prediction of stroke cause. In this review, we summarize available data regarding the role of RNA to predict stroke, the rationale for these changes, and a discussion of novel mechanistic insight and clinical applications. Recent findings Differences in RNA gene expression in blood have been identified in patients with stroke, including differences to distinguish ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke, and differences between cardioembolic, large vessel atherosclerotic, and small vessel lacunar stroke cause. Gene expression differences show promise as novel stroke biomarkers to predict stroke of unclear cause (cryptogenic stroke). The differences in RNA expression provide novel insight to stroke mechanism, including the role of immune response and thrombosis in human stroke. Important insight to regulation of gene expression in stroke and its causes are being acquired, including alternative splicing, noncoding RNA, and microRNA. Summary Improved diagnosis of stroke and determination of stroke cause will improve stroke treatment and prevention. RNA biomarkers show promise to aid in the diagnosis of stroke and cause determination, as well as providing novel insight to mechanism of stroke in patients. While further study is required, an RNA profile may one day be part of the stroke armamentarium with utility to guide acute stroke therapy and prevention strategies and refine stroke phenotype.

Clinical Significance and Value of Serum Homocysteine and Urine 11 Dehydrothromboxane B2 Combined with Transferrin-Specific Peptide in the Diagnosis of Cerebral Apoplexy

“…The early mortality rate of cerebral infarction is as high as 10% and 12%, and within a few years after acute events in patients with stroke, the mortality rate is still higher compared to the general population; it can also bring about 80% of survivors with permanent disability, often requiring special care and long-term rehabilitation [ 2 ]. Therefore, stroke has the characteristics of high incidence, high disability rate, and high mortality rate; it often causes huge human and economic losses [ 3 ]. Acute stroke, also known as ischemic stroke, is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 69.6% of stroke in China, accounting for 70.8%.…”

A Novel lncRNA ENST00000530525 Affects ANO1 Contributing to Blood-Brain Barrier Injury in Cultured hCMEC/D3 Cells Under OGD/R Conditions.

“…However, the narrow therapeutic window of its standard therapy and difficulty making a quick diagnosis in most under-resourced medical facilities (no brain imaging), necessitates the need to understand the molecular regulation of stroke and identification of its biomarkers. Such knowledge would enable the identification of quick biomarkers among differentially expressed proteins and mRNAs as well as provide novel insights into the mechanisms of stroke pathogenesis in patients [19,20]. Consequently, this study identified several stroke-induced changes in the expression of some circulating lncRNAs and their probable target of genes.…”

The Novel lncRNA ENST00000530525 Affects ANO1, Contributing to Blood–Brain Barrier Injury in Cultured hCMEC/D3 Cells Under OGD/R Conditions

“…However, the narrow time window for treatment of its standard therapy and the difficulty in making a quick diagnosis in most low-resource medical facilities (no brain imaging) indicates a need to understand the molecular regulation of stroke and the identification of its biomarkers. Such knowledge would enable the identification of biomarkers among the DE proteins and mRNAs as well as to provide new opinions to the mechanisms of stroke pathogenesis in patients ( ENCODE Project Consortium, 2012 ; Falcione et al, 2020 ). Consequently, this study identified several stroke-induced changes in the expression of some circulating lncRNAs and their probable target genes.…”