River water treatment using electrocoagulation for removal of acetaminophen and natural organic matter

River water treatment by continuous electrocoagulation: insights into removal of acetaminophen, and natural organic matter

“…COD removal achieved at the end of EC treatment was 56.8%, 55.9%, 53.1%, 52.1%, and 46.6% at 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/L, respectively. COD removal achieved in continuous EC mode was similar to earlier reported work in batch mode (Kumari & Kumar 2021). NOM removal was 55.9% at 0.5 mg/L, 48.7% at 1 mg/L, 47.9% at 2 mg/L, 39.4% at 5 mg/L and 23.9% at 10 mg/L (Figure 3(a)).…”

“…Most peaks from 500 and 2,000 cm À1 and few new peaks in this range highlighted oxidised nitrogen species presence (1,589 cm À1 -N ¼ O) and (1,286 cm À1 -N-O) post-treatment. The main reaction can be seen from the slight peak in both sludges at 1,439 cm À1 that indicated the formation of H-bond between drug tested and Al(OH) 3 flocs (Quesada et al 2019;Kumari & Kumar 2021). The peak at 1,233 cm À1 was due to C ¼ O bond deformation following treatment strengthening the reasoning of adsorption as the dominant process on aluminium hydroxide flocs as the main reaction for removal.…”

“…A magnetic stirrer was utilized for agitation at 250 rpm for mixing reactor contents. Based on an earlier batch mode study best parameters were used for continuous mode operation such as Al-Al electrode, inter-electrode distance 2 cm, electrode dimension 6.3 cm  7.9 cm, and 9 V (Kumari & Kumar 2021). Parameters that were tested for continuous EC runs were HRT and drug concentration.…”

“…XRD spectrum of shallow peaks exhibited the amorphous nature of EC sludge. The peaks after treatment in settled as well as floating sludge were at 2θ ¼ 29, 31, 36, 39, 43, 45, and 48 were due to the presence of aluminium hydroxide flocs (ICDD database) in EC sludge (Thakur & Mondal 2017;Kumari & Kumar 2021). Aluminium generated from anode during the EC process undergoes rapid hydrolysis to produce numerous monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and polymeric forms of Al with OH À ions (Mouedhen et al 2008).…”

Selective degradation of acetaminophen from hydrolyzed urine by peroxymonosulfate alone: performances and mechanisms

“…13 It has been suggested that 1 O 2 might avoid the scavenger effects of high concentrations of coexisting components in urine. 14,15 Interestingly, fresh urine (FU) would be transformed into hydrolyzed urine (HU) through a bacterial process, and the urea and citrate in the FU would be replaced by NH 4 + and HCO 3 À in HU, resulting in an alkaline condition of HU (pH 9). 2 Considering the buffer actions of HCO 3 À and H 2 PO 4 À , the solution pH would not change during the reaction.…”