River water analysis using a multiparametric approach: Portuguese river as a case study

Abstract

The Ave River in northern Portugal has a history of riverbanks and water quality degradation.The river water quality was assessed by physicochemical, biological (macroinvertebrates) and microbiological (Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli) parameters in six locations (A-F, point A being the nearest to the source) throughout its course during a year. Epilithic biofilms were studied through polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE).Antimicrobial susceptibility testing helped with selecting isolates (n ¼ 149 E. coli and n ¼ 86 enterococci) for further genetic characterization. Pursuant to physicochemical and macroinvertebrates-based parameters, the river water was of reasonable quality according to European legislation (Directive 2000/60/EC). However, the microbiological analysis showed increased fecal contamination downstream from point C. At point D, four carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates were recovered. Paradoxically, point D was classified as a point of 'Good Water Quality' according to macroinvertebrates results. Point F presented the highest contamination level and incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates in the water column (13 MDR enterococci out of 39 and 33 MDR E. coli out of 97). Epilithic biofilms showed higher diversity in pristine points (A and B). Thus, biological and microbiological parameters used to assess the water quality led to divergent results; an outcome that reinforces the need for a holistic evaluation. tive 2000/60/EC (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02,000L0060-20141120&qid=1506 068744209&from=EN), which provided the guidelines to be followed by all member states in order to improve the 991

Parasitological, microbiological, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of raw and drinking water in a tourist city in the tri-border region of South America

“…The resistance of E. coli detected in RW to the antimicrobial's ampicillin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is a similar finding to those published in other studies, which demonstrates that bacteria resistant to antimicrobials can be present and released into the environment from human and agricultural sources (Bessa et al 2014;Barbosa-Vasconcelos et al 2018).…”

Antimicrobial Resistance of Heterotrophic Bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae Inhabiting an Anthropogenic-Affected River Stretch in Bulgaria

“…Our data on the Yantra River water reveal that the Enterobacteriaceae resistance was generally high to the older and more commonly used ABs. The incidence of tetracyclineresistant Enterobacteriaceae was high, despite the broad range of tetracycline resistances reported for other rivers-from low [1,23] to high abundance values [15,19,44,45]. The high rate of streptomycin resistance found in the Yantra River was in compliance with other findings [19,45], while resistance to gentamicin, the other tested aminoglycoside, was very rare.…”

“…The MAR incidence among the tested Enterobacteriaceae isolates was higher than the values reported for the Arga River (5.5%) or the Danube River (9.7% of the isolated E. coli and 2.2% of Klebsiella spp.) [1,23,24], but lower compared with the MAR value of 48.6% for isolates from the Mur River [48] or 77.9% for those from the Ave River [15].…”

Assessment of River Water Quality and Pollution Status Using Physicochemical and Biometrics, Awetu River, Ethiopia

“…Water is the most important natural resource in the world since life cannot exist and industry cannot operate without water [1], and unlike many other raw materials, there is no substitute for water in many of its uses [2][3][4][5]. The health and wellbeing of a population are directly affected by the coverage of water supply and sanitation.…”