River Float Trip Encounter Norms: Questioning the Use of the Social Norms Concept

Roggenbuck, Joseph W.; Williams, Daniel; Bange, Steven P.; Dean, Denis J.

doi:10.1080/00222216.1991.11969848

Cited by 74 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These issues and this debate are beyond the scope of this article and are discussed elsewhere (e.g. Roggenbuck et al, 1991;Shelby and Vaske, 1991;Manning et al, 1999;Vaske and Whittaker, 2004). Regardless, researchers generally agree that the normative approach is useful, as it can: (i) help to define evaluative standards for specific conditions and management actions; (ii) identify situations about which people feel strongly; and (iii) describe the amount of agreement about acceptable conditions and management actions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas

Needham

Rollins

Wood

2004

Journal of Tourism Research

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Operating chairlifts at alpine ski areas during the summer to accommodate tourism and recreation activities (e.g. hiking and mountain biking) is increasing in popularity. Increasing summer use, however, may affect the ability of ski areas to sustain acceptable social conditions (e.g. crowding). In addition, little is known about encounters, crowding or acceptable use levels at ski areas during the summer. This article addresses these issues using data from surveys of summer visitors (n = Keywords: crowding; encounters; indicators; norms; ski areas; standards of quality.548 INTRODUCTIONT ourism and recreation at mountain resorts such as Vail (USA), Chamonix (France), and Whistler (Canada) have received considerable attention in the literature (Gill and Hartmann, 1992;Klenosky et al., 1993;Gill and Williams, 1994;Hudson and Shephard, 1998;Gill, 2000;Godde et al., 2000). Alpine ski areas (e.g. Aspen Highlands, USA; Blackcomb and Whistler Mountains, Canada) are focal points of tourism and recreation at mountain resorts, and activities such as skiing and snowboarding have dominated ski areas for decades. Studies have examined the social dimensions (e.g. visitor conflict) of this winter use Ormiston et al., 1998;Vaske et al., 2000;Thapa and Graefe, 2003 Other researchers have examined some biophysical impacts (e.g. trail erosion, vegetation trampling) associated with summer use at ski areas (Price, 1983;Wood, 1987;. Saremba and Gill (1991) and Pickering and Buckley (2003) discussed activities and social impacts (e.g. crowding) related to summer use at ski areas, but their discussions were not based on empirical data. Hence, the social aspects of tourism and recreation at ski areas in the summer season have received little empirical attention. Operating chairlifts at alpine ski areas in the summer to accommodate activities such as hiking and mountain biking is increasing in popularity. For example, 12% of the ski areas in British Columbia (BC), Canada had lifts operating in the summer of 1991. A decade later, summer operations occurred at 65% of these areas (BCALC, 2000). Many alpine ski areas worldwide now have at least one chairlift operating in the summer, with some ski areas receiving over 250 000 visitors each summer (Needham et al., 2004).Increasing use, however, has generated concerns about the ability of ski areas to sustain acceptable levels of social impacts (e.g. visitor crowding) during the summer season (Saremba and Gill, 1991;Pickering and Buckley, 2003;. Research suggests that to manage use in tourism and recreation settings, it is necessary to understand the: (i) number of other people that guests encounter during their visit; (ii) degree to which guests feel crowded during their visit; and (iii) conditions (e.g. use levels) that guests feel are acceptable and unacceptable Manning, 1999;Vaske and Donnelly, 2002). Little is known, however, about crowding, encounters, or the acceptability of use levels at ski areas during the summer season. This article addresses this knowledge gap using data from ...

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confidence: 96%

Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas

Needham

Rollins

Wood

2004

Journal of Tourism Research

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“…Application of normative theory and methods to parks and outdoor recreation has raised several conceptual and empirical issues (Heywood, 1993a(Heywood, , 1993b(Heywood, , 1996a(Heywood, , 1996bManning et al, 2001;McDonald, 1996;Noe, 1992;Patterson & Hammitt, 1990;Roggenbuck et al, 1991;Shelby et al, 1996;. As originally conceived, norms are understood to (a) guide behavior (Biddle, 1986;Blake & Davis, 1964;Cancian, 1975), (b) be enforced by sanctions (Homans, 1950;Rossi & Berk, 1985) and (c) be widely shared by social groups (Rossi & Berk, 1985).…”

Section: Normative Theory and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, how might crystallization best be measured? Traditional measures of crystallization include the standard deviation, the coefficient of variation and the interquartile range (Manning, 1999;Roggenbuck et al, 1991;Shelby & Vaske, 1991). Unfortunately, all of these measures have problems.…”

Section: Norm Crystallizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norm Crystallization: Measurement and Comparative Analysis

2009

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“…Recent reviews of the outdoor recreation norm literature suggest that there are definitional and methodological issues surrounding normative theory and its application (Roggenbuck, Williams, Bange, & Dean, 1991;Manning, Johnson & Vande Kamp, 1996). Despite these potential shortcomings, norms have been shown to be useful for describing, predicting and influencing recreation behavior.…”

Section: Normative Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proceedings of the 2002 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium

Schuster¹

2003

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River Float Trip Encounter Norms: Questioning the Use of the Social Norms Concept

Cited by 74 publications

References 19 publications

Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas

Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas

Norm Crystallization: Measurement and Comparative Analysis

Proceedings of the 2002 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium

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