Risks to Colombian Amphibian Fauna from Cultivation of Coca (<i>Erythroxylum coca</i>): A Geographical Analysis

Lynch, John D.; Arroyo, Sandy

doi:10.1080/15287390902929733

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The tropical and montane rainforest where O. anchicayensis sp. nov. inhabits has been under a relative strong deforestation pressure due to the cultivation of illegal crops (Lynch & Arroyo, ) and the quality of its habitat has rapidly degraded. Therefore, considering that its geographic range is relatively smaller (<800 km 2 ) and the latent risk for its habitat lost, we tentatively designate O. anchicayensis sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tropical and montane rainforest where O. anchicayensis sp. nov. inhabits has been under a relative strong deforestation pressure due the cultivation of illegal crops(Lynch and Arroyo 2009) and the quality of its habitat has degraded due the intensive use of agrochemicals. Although the protected National Park Farallones de Cali borders the distribution of this species (south of the Anchicayá river), none of the populations described here inhabits within protected areas by the Colombian government.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Multivariate species boundaries and conservation of harlequin poison frogs

Posso-Terranova

Andrés

2018

Molecular Ecology

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In this study, we present an iterative method for delimiting species under the general lineage concept (GLC) based on the multivariate clustering of morphological, ecological and genetic data. Our rationale is that distinct multivariate groups correspond to evolutionarily independent metapopulation lineages because they reflect the common signal of different secondary defining properties (environmental and genetic distinctiveness, phenotypic diagnosability, etc.) that imply the existence of barriers preventing or limiting gene exchange. We applied this method to study a group of endangered poison frogs, the Oophaga histrionica complex. In our study case, we used next-generation targeted amplicon sequencing to obtain a robust genetic data set that we combined with patterns of morphological and ecological features. Our analyses revealed the existence of at least five different species in the histrionica complex (three, new to science), some of them, occurring in small isolated populations outside any protected areas. The lineage delimitation proposed here has important conservation implications as it revealed that some of the Oophaga species should be considered among the most vulnerable of the Neotropical frogs. More broadly, our study exemplifies how multiple-amplicon and multivariate statistical techniques can be integrated to successfully identify species and their boundaries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate species boundaries and conservation of harlequin poison frogs

Posso-Terranova

Andrés

2018

Molecular Ecology

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“…The Colombian amphibian fauna is among the richest in the world with ∼700 species of anurans documented constituting the most diverse group of amphibians in Colombia [Lynch and Arroyo, ]. Although broad concern exists about the negative impact of Roundup formulations on amphibian populations, only 11 Colombian frog species have been studied for herbicide formulation toxicity [Bernal et al, ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This clade is characterized by having terrestrial breeding, direct development of terrestrial eggs, and by occupying forested areas [Hedges et al, ]. Lynch and Arroyo [] found 47 terrestrial frog species inhabiting forests within 10 km of coca crops and eradication spraying areas in Colombia. Exposure pathways to aerial eradication spraying include direct contact of spray droplets on the exposed skin or through contact with sprayed surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of a glyphosate formulation (Roundup®SL–Cosmoflux®411F) in the direct‐developing frogEleutherodactylus johnstonei

Meza‐Joya

Ramírez‐Pinilla

Fuentes

2013

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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The aerial spraying of glyphosate formulations in Colombia to eradicate illegal crops has generated great concern about its possible impact on nontarget organisms, particularly amphibians. This study evaluated the toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of a glyphosate formulation (Roundup®SL-Cosmoflux®411F) in the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei by estimating the median lethal application rate (LC50 ), median hemolytic application rate (HD50 ), and extent of DNA damage using the in vitro and in vivo Comet assays. Toxicity results indicated that the application rate [37.4 µg acid equivalent (a.e.)/cm(2) ] equivalent to that used in aerial spraying (3.74 kg a.e./ha) is not lethal in male and female adult frogs, whereas neonates are highly sensitive. Glyphosate formulation at application rates above 5.4 µg a.e./cm(2) (in vivo) and concentrations above 95 µg a.e./mL (in vitro) showed clear evidence of cytotoxicity. In vivo and in vitro exposure of E. johnstonei erythrocytes to the glyphosate formulation induced DNA breaks in a dose-dependent manner with statistically significant values (P < 0.05) at all doses tested. DNA damage initially increased with the duration of exposure and then decreased, suggesting that DNA repair events were occurring during in vivo and in vitro exposures. These results are discussed from the perspective of possible ecotoxicological risks to anuran species from exposure to glyphosate formulation.

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“…While there may be small risks to frogs in unvegetated areas in coca fields that are directly oversprayed, the risks from exposures to other more toxic pesticides used by coca growers are much greater (Brain & Solomon, 2009). When considering the small area of Colombia that is actually sprayed each year (< 0.1% Solomon et al, 2007) and that frogs are not exclusively associated with coca growing (Lynch & Arroyo, 2009), it can be concluded that the Glyphos-Cosmo-Flux mixture as used in Colombia for eradication of coca presents a slight but not ecologically significant risk to larval and terrestrial stages of anurans. (Table 1) is indicated by the size of symbols.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Formulated Glyphosate (Glyphos) and Cosmo-Flux to Larval and Juvenile Colombian Frogs 2. Field and Laboratory Microcosm Acute Toxicity

Bernal

Solomon

Carrasquilla

2009

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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The spraying of coca (Erythroxylum coca) with glyphosate (coca mixture, a combination of formulated glyphosate, Glyphos, and an adjuvant, Cosmo-Flux) in Colombia has raised concerns about possible impacts on amphibians. Although acute LC50 for 8 species of Colombian frogs ranged from 1.2 to 2.78 mg acid equivalents (a.e.)/L, these exposures were conducted in the laboratory in the absence of sediments and organic matter such as would occur under realistic field conditions. In order to assess the effects of overspray of frog habitat under field conditions, Gosner stage 25 tadpoles of Rhinella granulosa, R. marina, Hypsiboas crepitans, and Scinax ruber were placed in outdoor microcosms made from polyethylene plastic fish ponds (2.07 m in diameter, 37 cm high) in an experimental area in Tolima, Colombia. The bottoms of the microcosms were covered with a 3-cm layer of local soil and they were filled to a depth of 15 cm (above the sediment) with local spring water. After up to 100 tadpoles of each frog species were placed in the microcosms, they were sprayed with the coca mixture at concentrations greater and less than the normal application rate (3.69 kg glyphosate a.e./ha). Mortality at 96 h in the control microcosms was between 0 and 16% and LC50 values were between 8.9 and 10.9 kg glyphosate a.e./ha (equivalent to initial concentrations of 5963 to 7303 microg glyphosate a.e./L). Mortality >LC50 was only observed in the tested species when the application rate was >2-fold the normal application rate. In other experiments, juvenile and adult terrestrial stages of frogs were exposed by direct spraying to a range of concentrations of coca mixture. Juveniles and adults were exposed in plastic food containers (19 x 19 cm). The bottom of the container was filled with moistened soil and leaf litter to a depth of 1 cm and 0.5 cm, respectively. Mortality in the controls was low, from 0 to 10%, and from 0 to 35% at the normal application rate. LC50 values ranged between 4.5 kg a.e./ha and 22.8 kg a.e./ha, 1.5- to 6-fold greater than the normal application rate. Data indicate that, under realistic worst-case exposure conditions, the mixture of Glyphos and Cosmo-Flux as used for control of coca in Colombia exerts a low toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial stages of anurans and that risks to these organisms under field conditions are small.

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Risks to Colombian Amphibian Fauna from Cultivation of Coca (Erythroxylum coca): A Geographical Analysis

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

Multivariate species boundaries and conservation of harlequin poison frogs

Multivariate species boundaries and conservation of harlequin poison frogs

Toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of a glyphosate formulation (Roundup®SL–Cosmoflux®411F) in the direct‐developing frogEleutherodactylus johnstonei

Toxicity of Formulated Glyphosate (Glyphos) and Cosmo-Flux to Larval and Juvenile Colombian Frogs 2. Field and Laboratory Microcosm Acute Toxicity

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