Risks of Overweight and Abdominal Obesity at Age 16 Years Associated With Prenatal Exposures to Maternal Prepregnancy Overweight and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Pirkola, Jatta; Pouta, Anneli; Bloigu, Aini; Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa; Laitinen, Jaana; Järvelin, Marjo‐Riitta; Vääräsmäki, Marja

doi:10.2337/dc09-1871

Cited by 186 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

149

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Maternal overweight/obesity is associated with maternal hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance [58,59], even when the clinical criteria of GDM are not fulfilled. Pre-pregnancy overweight combined with GDM conveys a greater risk of offspring obesity than exposure to either GDM or pre-pregnancy overweight alone [54]. These data indicate that maternal obesity appears to exaggerate the metabolic abnormalities present in GDM [60], also suggesting that hyperglycaemia, irrespective of aetiology, is the determining mediator.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Consequently, we suggest that caution should be exercised in rejecting the possibility of intrauterine programming. Adjustment for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI may also mask a potential synergistic relationship with maternal diabetes along a common pathway of hyperglycaemia during fetal development [27,54]. This underlines the need for well-designed studies to examine the effects of maternal BMI and diabetes, and the interrelationship between them on offspring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The diabetic pregnancy and offspring BMI in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims/hypothesis Offspring of mothers with diabetes are at increased risk of metabolic disorders in later life. Increased offspring BMI is a plausible mediator. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining offspring BMI z score in childhood in relation to maternal diabetes. Methods Papers reporting BMI z scores for offspring of diabetic (all types, and pre-and during-pregnancy onset) and non-diabetic mothers were included. Citations were identified in PubMed; bibliographies of relevant articles were hand-searched and authors contacted for additional data where necessary. We compared offspring BMI z score with and without adjustment for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. We performed fixed effect meta-analysis except where significant heterogeneity called for use of a random effects analysis. Results Data were available from nine studies. In the diabetic group unadjusted mean offspring BMI z score was 0.28 higher (all diabetic mothers vs controls (95% CI 0.09, 0.47; p=0.004; nine studies; offspring of diabetic mothers n=927, controls n=26,384) and with adjustment for maternal prepregnancy BMI, 0.07 higher (95% CI −0.15, 0.28; p=0.54; three studies; offspring of diabetic mothers n=244, controls n=11,206). There was no evidence of a difference in offspring BMI z score in relation to type of diabetes (gestational vs type 1, p=0.95).Conclusions/interpretation Maternal diabetes is associated with increased offspring BMI z score, although this is no longer apparent after adjustment for maternal prepregnancy BMI in the limited number of studies in which this is reported. Causal mediators of the effect of maternal diabetes on offspring outcomes remain to be established; we recommend that future research includes adjustment for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diabetic pregnancy and offspring BMI in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The 20 studies [1,3,4,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] that met inclusion criteria provide data on 2,402,643 women. A study from Retnakaran and Shah [4] evaluated the risk for GDM conferred by fetal sex in a first pregnancy and, in those women in whom it was applicable, the analogous risk in a second pregnancy such that, in the pooled analyses, the first and second pregnancies from this study were entered as two separate reports.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex of the baby and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in the mother: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims/hypothesis It has recently emerged that carrying a male fetus may be associated with poorer maternal beta cell function and an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Recognising that the overall impact of fetal sex on maternal glucose metabolism is likely to be subtle, we sought to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to obtain a robust estimate of the incremental maternal risk of GDM associated with the sex of the baby. Methods We searched PubMed and EMBASE to identify observational studies published between 1 January 1950 and 4 April 2015 that reported data on fetal sex and the prevalence of GDM. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and pooled estimates of the RR were calculated by a randomeffects model. We considered male fetus as the exposure and prevalence of GDM as the outcome of interest. Results We identified 320 studies through electronic searches and nine studies through manual searches. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria, yielding data on 2,402,643 women. Pooled analysis of these studies demonstrated an increased risk of GDM in women carrying a male fetus compared with women carrying a female fetus (RR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02, 1.06). This result was confirmed in a sensitivity analysis including only studies that applied a stringent definition of GDM (RR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01, 1.06) (I 2 =0%, p=0.66). Conclusions/interpretation Pregnant women carrying a boy have a 4% higher relative risk of GDM than those carrying a girl. The fetus thus may have previously unsuspected effects on maternal glucose metabolism in pregnancy.

show abstract

“…18,19 Diabetes in pregnancy also increases the risk for obesity in childhood 20 and in young adults, 21 although maternal obesity may be a stronger determinant than diabetes status, per se. 22,23 There is support in the literature for LGA increasing the risk for adverse neurobehavioral outcomes, such as autism spectrum disorders, 24,25 increased anxiety/depression, 26 difficulty with emotional regulation 27 and an increased risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 27--29 Attention deficits have also been observed in offspring born to mothers with diabetes before or during pregnancy.…”

Section: Reward Circuitrymentioning

confidence: 99%

High-fat diet alters the dopamine and opioid systems: effects across development

Reyes

2012

Int J Obes Supp

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Consumption of a high-fat diet has been linked to obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Less well appreciated are adverse effects on the brain and behavior. Recent research has shown that consumption of a high-fat diet can alter gene expression within the brain, and the dopamine and opioid neurotransmitter systems appear to be vulnerable to dysregulation. This review will focus on recent reports in both humans and animal models that describe adverse effects of high-fat diet consumption on the central reward circuitry. In addition, the importance of different development windows will be discussed, with effects observed in both the prenatal/perinatal time period and with chronic high-fat diet consumption in adulthood.

show abstract

Risks of Overweight and Abdominal Obesity at Age 16 Years Associated With Prenatal Exposures to Maternal Prepregnancy Overweight and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Cited by 186 publications

References 23 publications

The diabetic pregnancy and offspring BMI in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The diabetic pregnancy and offspring BMI in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Sex of the baby and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in the mother: a systematic review and meta-analysis

High-fat diet alters the dopamine and opioid systems: effects across development

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About