Risks and Wrongs in Social Science Research

Oakes, J. Michael

doi:10.1177/019384102236520

Cited by 99 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…Following the Holocaust came the Nuremburg code; which set an ethical standard for conducting research on human subjects that the US lay population did not find fitting as doctors should already be following the Hippocratic Oath [7]. After a wave of unethical research in the United States, the US government, as well as the people saw a need for the protection of human research participants.…”

Section: How the Irb Enables Ethical Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bringing the IRB into the Community: A New Framework for the Ethical Regulation of CBPR

Puckett¹

2017

MOJPH

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The conduct of institutional review boards (IRB) in ensuring ethical protocol is followed has been debated and evaluated for a number of years. The IRB decision-making process utilizes a number of regulations in order to protect human subjects in research purposes. Many critics of the system argue that the strict guidelines make it increasingly difficult to retrieve beneficial results and conduct the experiment as initially planned. However, others believe that the standardization involved with the IRB processes makes research practice safer, more transparent, and more effective. Our paper critiques the ethical component of IRB research and its effects on inhibiting or promoting public health practice. In particular, we will address whether current IRB guidelines constrain communitybased participatory research.

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Section: How the Irb Enables Ethical Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While researchers can get discouraged from the strenuous IRB process, researchers should remember Oaks' last tip "…that IRBs did not spontaneously appear to frustrate scientists; they are a direct consequence of many documented violations of very basic ethical principles" [7].…”

Section: Educate Your Local Irb and Then Volunteer For Itmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bringing the IRB into the Community: A New Framework for the Ethical Regulation of CBPR

Puckett¹

2017

MOJPH

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“…Depending on the design, cluster-level interventions may still be able to be applied across consenting and nonconsenting individuals (e.g., a classroom teaching strategy), without the collection of individuallevel data from nonconsenting individuals. The process of obtaining human subject approval from an ethics board (e.g., and institutional review board) before beginning a cRCT should help clarify datacollection and consenting-related issues (16).…”

Section: Informed Consentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: designing, analyzing, and reporting cluster randomized controlled trials

Brown

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Cluster randomized controlled trials (cRCTs; also known as group randomized trials and community-randomized trials) are multilevel experiments in which units that are randomly assigned to experimental conditions are sets of grouped individuals, whereas outcomes are recorded at the individual level. In human cRCTs, clusters that are randomly assigned are typically families, classrooms, schools, worksites, or counties. With growing interest in community-based, public health, and policy interventions to reduce obesity or improve nutrition, the use of cRCTs has increased. Errors in the design, analysis, and interpretation of cRCTs are unfortunately all too common. This situation seems to stem in part from investigator confusion about how the unit of randomization affects causal inferences and the statistical procedures required for the valid estimation and testing of effects. In this article, we provide a brief introduction and overview of the importance of cRCTs and highlight and explain important considerations for the design, analysis, and reporting of cRCTs by using published examples.Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:241-8.

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“…Consent to participate in clinical research in which the client's identity will be known requires the written consent of the client. These protections for participants in research case studies are inscribed in the codes of ethics of professional as- The protection of human subjects in research is a primary response to the abuses and grievous harm inflicted on unsuspecting human subjects in biomedical experiments (e.g., Nazi physicians' experiments on concentration camp prisoners and the Tuskegee study in the United States spanning 40 years, in which information and treatment was denied to poor Black men in the United States who had syphilis) and is only secondarily a response to the increasingly recognized right to privacy of patients and clients, although that right too is now embodied in human subjects protections within research contexts (Oakes, 2002). All of the codes of ethics of the major mental health professional associations representing counselors and psychotherapists have substantial guidelines for their members who write up the results of research involving clients (AAMFT, 2001;ACA, 2005;American Psychological Association, 2002;NASW, 1996NASW, /2008.…”

Section: Scientific Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Writing About Clients: Developing Composite Case Material and Its Rationale

Duffy¹

2010

Counseling and Values

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Ethical guidelines of the 4 major professional associations representing counselors and psychotherapists are reviewed. To help clarify thinking about writing up clinical cases, 3 kinds of cases are described. The author concludes that the current guidelines for clinician-authors in writing about clients for publication or presentation are contradictory and conflicting. The use of composite clinical case material is discussed as having a number of advantages over disguise or consent when writing about clients. Presented are guidelines for developing composite clinical cases and an example of how to use them effectively.T he educational archives of counseling and psychotherapy clinical training materials would not be the same without the clinical case. The richly descriptive narrative of a clinical case is what makes didactic training materials come alive. For example, students and trainees can pore over the criteria for a diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), but not grasp a sense of its phenomenology until they read a detailed narrative account of a clinical case about a person who must get up at 4:00 a.m. to have enough time to perform all the grooming and cleaning rituals they are compelled to complete and still arrive at work by 9:00 a.m. Only in a clinical case can the elements of the disorder be integrated and presented in relationship to what the lived experience of OCD, with all its nuances and implications, might look like for a person suffering from it. The thick narrative description of a clinical case is counseling and psychotherapy's version of medicine's laboratory results, x-rays, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans, and tissue slides. It is impossible to imagine training competent counselors and psychotherapists without the routine use of clinical cases to illustrate mental health and relationship problems, theoretical orientations, and therapeutic modalities. Advancing the Profession Through Written Case MaterialWhen writing about clients, counselors and psychotherapists most commonly use the medium of a clinical case in which to do so. The clinical psychotherapy case can be a richly descriptive vehicle for teaching and training

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Risks and Wrongs in Social Science Research

Cited by 99 publications

References 64 publications

Bringing the IRB into the Community: A New Framework for the Ethical Regulation of CBPR

Bringing the IRB into the Community: A New Framework for the Ethical Regulation of CBPR

Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: designing, analyzing, and reporting cluster randomized controlled trials

Writing About Clients: Developing Composite Case Material and Its Rationale

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