Risk taking of educated nematodes

Willett, Denis S.; Alborn, Hans T.; Stelinski, Lukasz L.; Shapiro‐Ilan, David I.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205804

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Nematodes are well documented in the literature to survive exposure to these HIPVs ( Willett et al, 2015 ; Willet et al, 2017 ; Willet et al, 2018 ), and in this investigation no mortality of the IJs was observed after direct exposure of the IJs to the HIPVs It is likely that the mortality of the IJs was not arising from nematocidal properties of the HIPVs. Therefore, the increased mortality of the IJs was likely arising from interactions with the insect’s immune system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…For example, it has been demonstrated that exposure of EPNs to root produced terpenoids can result in enhanced movement of EPNs to the source of those terpenoids ( Ali et al, 2012 ; Willett et al, 2015 ). This movement of the EPNs towards the insect pest also results in increased infection/invasion of the pest by the EPNs ( Willett et al, 2015 ; Willett et al, 2018 ). These terpenoids are typically produced by the plants in response to insect herbivory, and therefore can be reliable cues of the presence of a host to EPNs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These two genera of EPNs were selected for this study as they represent the two major phylogenies of EPNs and represent different life histories. Additionally, H. bacteriophora is one of the most widely used EPN commercially and Steinernema diaprepesi has been extensively studied for reaction to volatiles ( Ali et al, 2012 ; Willet et al, 2015 ; Willet et al 2017 ; Willet et al 2018 ). Compounds selected for research were based on known importance for entomopathogenic nematode behavior and included pregeijerene, β-caryophyllene, and α-pinene ( Rasmann et al, 2005 ; Ali et al, 2012 ; Willet et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deadly scents: Exposure to plant volatiles increases mortality of entomopathogenic nematodes during infection

Gaffke

Shapiro‐Ilan²,

Alborn³

2022

Front. Physiol.

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Plants attacked by insects commonly mobilize various defense mechanisms, including the biosynthesis and release of so-called herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can be attracted to these belowground HIPVs, which can enhance biocontrol services from EPNs. However, recent research has also demonstrated that HIPVs can induce and initiate insect immune responses, decreasing the insect’s susceptibility to pathogens and parasites. Therefore, experiments were conducted to test the impact of HIPVs on insects and EPNs during the initial stage of EPN infection. Compounds that can impact EPN attraction and infectivity such as pregeijerene, β-caryophyllene, and α-pinene, and compounds that have been determined to increase or decrease susceptibility of insects to pathogens, such as (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool, and β-ocimene, were selected. Exposure of Galleria mellonella larvae to pregeijerene, linalool, β-ocimene and α-pinene during invasion significantly increased mortality of Steinernema diaprepesi and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora after 48 h. Larval treatment with β-caryophyllene only increased mortality for Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate did not cause differential mortality from the controls for either nematode species. In additional experiments, we found that EPNs exposed to α-pinene and linalool were more readily recognized by the insects’ immune cells compared to the control treatment, thus the observed increased mortality was likely due to HIPVs-EPN interactions with the insect’s immune system. These results show that the presence of HIPVs can impact EPN survival in the model host, G. mellonella.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deadly scents: Exposure to plant volatiles increases mortality of entomopathogenic nematodes during infection

Gaffke

Shapiro‐Ilan²,

Alborn³

2022

Front. Physiol.

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“…However, we did not find a clear association between the following response to heterospecific IJs and their development in a co-infected host. While EPNs are widely used in biological control in agriculture, there is increasing interest in their value as a model system for understanding animal behavior (Lewis et al, 2006;Griffin, 2012Griffin, , 2015Willett et al, 2018), genetics (Duchaud et al, 2003;Ciche and Goffredi, 2007), population biology (Stuart et al, 2006;Griffin, 2015), parasitism (Hallem et al, 2007;Castelletto et al, 2014), mutualism and ecology (Strong et al, 1999;Stock, 2005;Campos-Herrera et al, 2012;Maher et al, 2017). Here, we use EPNs to study group dynamics of a parasite and show for the first time trail following by nematodes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nematodes Follow a Leader

et al. 2021

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Aggregated movement and population structure are known in entomopathogenic nematodes, which are obligate insect parasites. Aggregation behavior in the absence of external stimuli suggests communication among individuals, often in the form of trail-following, which has not been shown by nematodes of any kind. Interactions among individuals are an essential basis of following behaviors and can have significant fitness consequences. We explored intraspecific and interspecific interactions among three Steinernema species (S. glaseri, S. carpocapsae, and S. feltiae) in terms of trail following, and fitness outcomes of following heterospecific individuals. We found that the following behavior is context dependent. Following behavior among conspecifics was significantly increased when the lead nematode had prior contact with host cuticle. However, we did not find a clear association between the following response to heterospecific IJs and their reproductive success in a co-infected host.

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“…For example, relative to traditional applications in aqueous sprays, applying nematodes with phoretic hosts (Shapiro-Ilan and Brown, 2013), in their infected-hosts (Dolinski et al, 2015), or in pre-infected hosts that reach cryptic habitats (Gumus et al, 2015) has resulted in increased efficacy. Certain plant volatiles may be used to enhance EPN efficacy by directing nematode behavior and enhancing infectivity (Willett et al, 2018). Furthermore, other "boosters" that directly increase EPN activity will lead to improved efficacy.…”

Section: Formulation and Application Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Sustainable Food Production

Koppenhöfer

Shapiro‐Ilan

Hiltpold

2020

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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The emphasis of this review is on the use and potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as biological control agents in sustainable food production across a wide range of agricultural and other commodities. To aid with the understanding of the potential of EPNs in sustainable food production, this review also provides overviews on EPN biology and ecology, mass production and application technology, and interactions with other management tools. First discovered in the 1920s, their commercialization as biopesticides in the 1980s was accompanied and followed by an exponential growth in research on their application, biology, and ecology, followed by a further expansion in more basic research areas since the mid-2000s. This review summarizes significant progress made in the research and application of EPN in insect pest management in important food crops including orchards, small fruit, maize, vegetables, tuber crops, greenhouses, and mushrooms. Significant factors affecting the success of EPN commercialization are also discussed. A growing interest in alternatives to synthetic insecticides and in organic agriculture opens opportunities for EPNs, but EPNs will need to be further improved with respect to efficacy, reduced costs, and ease of use. Moreover, their potential to recycle in host populations beckons to be further exploited for long term pest suppression.

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Risk taking of educated nematodes

Cited by 18 publications

References 28 publications

Deadly scents: Exposure to plant volatiles increases mortality of entomopathogenic nematodes during infection

Deadly scents: Exposure to plant volatiles increases mortality of entomopathogenic nematodes during infection

Nematodes Follow a Leader

Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Sustainable Food Production

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