The basics of controlling the processes of metrological examination in an enterprise’s quality management system based on a risk-based approach are considered. Interpreting the risk-based approach in controlling the processes of a quality management system in the context of international standards ISO 9000:2015 is proposed. Scientific publications in the field of risk management of metrological examination processes are analysed, problems associated with integrating a risk-based approach into the practice of managing this activity type are investigated. The authors stress a lack of unity in the scientific community in the views on the choice of a classifying criterion in structuring the risks that arise when managing the processes of metrological examination. A procedure for identifying and structuring the risks of metrological examination based on adopting a variety of processes in an enterprise’s modular-hierarchical quality management system as their classifying criterion is proposed. The risks of metrological expertise and their sources are identified, correlated with the parameters of the considered processes (input, output, resource provision, effectiveness, etc.). The expediency of developing documentation support for the procedure under consideration is substantiated by the example of the proposed risk specification for the process of metrological examination of a technological map. The prospects of applying the procedure for controlling the processes of metrological examination in an enterprise’s quality management system based on a risk-based approach are argued.