Risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus by bite of an infected toddler

Shirley, Linda; Ross, Susan

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80563-3

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Although two seroconversions occurred among the five victims of a biting toddler, 31 biting is an inefficient way of transmitting HIV. 32 None of eight healthcare workers bitten by an HIV-positive patient seroconverted.…”

Section: Antiviral Prophylaxismentioning

confidence: 93%

Hospital management of animal and human bites

Matt¹

2005

Journal of Hospital Infection

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Section: Antiviral Prophylaxismentioning

confidence: 93%

Hospital management of animal and human bites

Matt¹

2005

Journal of Hospital Infection

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“…Many studies have detailed a large number of cases where bites have not resulted in HIV transmission or found transmission to be unlikely .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expert consensus statement on the science of HIV in the context of criminal law

et al. 2018

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IntroductionGlobally, prosecutions for non‐disclosure, exposure or transmission of HIV frequently relate to sexual activity, biting, or spitting. This includes instances in which no harm was intended, HIV transmission did not occur, and HIV transmission was extremely unlikely or not possible. This suggests prosecutions are not always guided by the best available scientific and medical evidence.DiscussionTwenty scientists from regions across the world developed this Expert Consensus Statement to address the use of HIV science by the criminal justice system. A detailed analysis of the best available scientific and medical research data on HIV transmission, treatment effectiveness and forensic phylogenetic evidence was performed and described so it may be better understood in criminal law contexts. Description of the possibility of HIV transmission was limited to acts most often at issue in criminal cases. The possibility of HIV transmission during a single, specific act was positioned along a continuum of risk, noting that the possibility of HIV transmission varies according to a range of intersecting factors including viral load, condom use, and other risk reduction practices. Current evidence suggests the possibility of HIV transmission during a single episode of sex, biting or spitting ranges from no possibility to low possibility. Further research considered the positive health impact of modern antiretroviral therapies that have improved the life expectancy of most people living with HIV to a point similar to their HIV‐negative counterparts, transforming HIV infection into a chronic, manageable health condition. Lastly, consideration of the use of scientific evidence in court found that phylogenetic analysis alone cannot prove beyond reasonable doubt that one person infected another although it can be used to exonerate a defendant.ConclusionsThe application of up‐to‐date scientific evidence in criminal cases has the potential to limit unjust prosecutions and convictions. The authors recommend that caution be exercised when considering prosecution, and encourage governments and those working in legal and judicial systems to pay close attention to the significant advances in HIV science that have occurred over the last three decades to ensure current scientific knowledge informs application of the law in cases related to HIV.

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“…Very few case reports suggest transmission of HIV from 1 person to another following a human bite injury, 3,8 and transmission of HIV through saliva, even when blood-tinged, is believed to be very rare. Scientific evidence of salivary factors inhibitory to HIV and difficulty in isolating HIV from saliva, along with epidemiologic evidence of lack of transmission of HIV in household settings where contact with saliva is frequent, both support a very low risk of transmission of HIV through saliva.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Bites and Blood Exposures in New York City Schools

Stockheim

Wilkinson

Ramos-Bonoan

2005

Clin Pediatr (Phila)

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The epidemiology of human bites and blood exposures in urban schools has not been described. The authors reviewed 734 human bite and blood exposure incidents in New York City schools from September 1999 to June 2001. School site, age, gender, body site, temporal distributions, and underlying health status of individuals were reviewed. Nine incidents involved children known or suspected to be HIV-infected. Medical interventions included EMS involvement, emergency room treatment, hospitalization, vaccine administration, laceration suturing, systemic antibiotic therapy, and serologic evaluation for transmission of blood-borne pathogens. These incidents occur with a high prevalence in NYC schools and have potential for serious outcomes.

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Risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus by bite of an infected toddler

Cited by 20 publications

References 13 publications

Hospital management of animal and human bites

Hospital management of animal and human bites

Expert consensus statement on the science of HIV in the context of criminal law

Human Bites and Blood Exposures in New York City Schools

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