Risk of subsequent SARS‐CoV‐2 infection among vaccinated employees with or without hybrid immunity acquired early in the Omicron‐predominant era of the COVID‐19 pandemic

Abstract

BackgroundHybrid immunity, from COVID‐19 vaccination followed by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection acquired after its Omicron variant began predominating, has provided greater protection than vaccination alone against subsequent infection over 1–3 months of observation. Its longer‐term protection is unknown.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of COVID‐19 case incidence among healthcare personnel (HCP) mandated to be vaccinated and report on COVID‐19‐associated symptoms, high‐risk exposures, or known‐positive test results to an employee health hotline. We compared cases with hybrid immunity, defined as incident COVID‐19 during the first 6 weeks of Omicron‐variant predominance (run‐in period), to those with immunity from vaccination alone during the run‐in period. Time until COVID‐19 infection over 13 subsequent months (observation period) was analyzed by standard survival analysis.ResultsOf 5867 employees, 641 (10.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.1%–11.8%) acquired hybrid immunity during the run‐in period. Of these, 104 (16.2%, 95% CI: 13.5%–19.3%) experienced new SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during the 13‐month observation period, compared to 2177 (41.7%, 95% CI: 40.3%–43.0%) of the 5226 HCP without hybrid immunity. Time until incident infection was shorter among the latter (hazard ratio: 3.09, 95% CI: 2.54–3.78).ConclusionsIn a cohort of vaccinated employees, Omicron‐era acquired SARS‐CoV‐2 hybrid immunity was associated with significantly lower risk of subsequent infection over more than a year of observation—a time period far longer than previously reported and during which three, progressively more resistant, Omicron subvariants became predominant. These findings can inform institutional policy and planning for future COVID‐19 additional vaccine dosing requirements for employees, for surveillance programs, and for risk modification efforts.

Hybrid Immunity and the Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections during the Omicron Era in Frontline Healthcare Workers

“…In terms of disease history, published studies have supported the importance of hybrid immunity [ 19 , 39 , 49 ]. The study ORCHESTRA compared subjects re-vaccinated with the first booster and a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection with subjects with no prior infection, and the relative risk ratio was 0.11 (95% CI: 0.05–0.25).…”

Analysis of articles on hepatitis C by scientific mapping: 1989-2022

“…This circumstance has notably contributed to the recent preference for COVID-19 as a primary keyword. HCV is primarily transmitted through blood exposure[ 42 ]. Substance use has been identified to escalate the prevalence of HCV.…”