Risk of selection bias due to non‐participation in a cohort study on pubertal timing

Brix, Nis; Ernst, Andreas; Lauridsen, L; Parner, Erik Thorlund; Arah, Onyebuchi A.; Olsen, Jørn; Henriksen, Tine Brink; Ramlau‐Hansen, Cecilia Høst

doi:10.1111/ppe.12679

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Another limitation was the risk of selection bias due to non-participation in the Puberty Cohort. However, participation was not associated with nausea in our study, a recent validation study found no association between a surrogate marker of pubertal timing and participation in the Puberty Cohort 43 and we used selection weights. Hence, the risk of selection bias is probably minimal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Nausea During Pregnancy and Timing of Pubertal Development in Sons and Daughters: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Bruun¹,

Ernst²,

Arendt³

et al. 2021

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Purpose The objective of this study was to explore whether maternal nausea in pregnancy, a potential surrogate marker of endogenous estrogen levels, was associated with age at attaining pubertal milestones in sons and daughters. Materials and Methods The study included a total of 14,612 boys and girls born in 2000–2003, from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Information on nausea was reported by mothers during pregnancy in telephone interviews scheduled around gestational week 12 and 30. Their children were invited every six months from 11 years of age until 18 years of full maturation to provide information on current pubertal status. Pubertal milestones included pubic hair, axillary hair and acne for both sexes, besides genital development, voice break and first ejaculation for boys, and breast development and menarche for girls. Mean monthly differences in age at attaining several pubertal milestones for boys and girls were estimated according to duration of nausea in the first trimester (0, 1–6, 7–11, 12 weeks). Further, we explored whether duration of nausea in the first two trimesters (0, 1–8, 9–15 or 16–28 weeks) and severity (measured by co-existence of vomiting and weight loss) were associated with pubertal timing. Results Neither maternal nausea in the first trimester nor duration or severity of nausea in the first two trimesters were associated with pubertal timing. Conclusion Our study does not support the hypothesis that nausea in pregnancy – as a surrogate marker of endogenous estrogen levels – is associated with age at attaining pubertal milestones in children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Nausea During Pregnancy and Timing of Pubertal Development in Sons and Daughters: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Bruun¹,

Ernst²,

Arendt³

et al. 2021

CLEP

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“…To mitigate the potential selection bias due to non‐participation, we employed selection weights in the analyses. In a recent study from this research group, we found that a surrogate marker of pubertal timing obtained from an unselected external register was not associated with participation in the Puberty Cohort, thus, indicating minimal risk of selection bias in etiological studies of pubertal timing such as in the present study 33 . Data collection in the Puberty Cohort was initiated after some children had already achieved some of the early pubertal milestones.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 49%

Breast feeding and timing of puberty in boys and girls: A nationwide cohort study

Hvidt

Brix

Ernst

et al. 2021

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

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Background Breast feeding has been associated with improved infant health, but its impact on pubertal timing remains uncertain, particularly in boys. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the association between duration of breast feeding and pubertal timing in boys and girls. Methods This population‐based cohort study included 13 511 boys and girls from the Puberty Cohort nested within the Danish National Birth Cohort. The children gave half‐yearly, self‐reported information on pubertal development through questionnaires (Tanner stages, age at menarche, first ejaculation, voice break, axillary hair growth, and acne). Information on breast feeding was provided by the mothers when the children were 6 months of age. We estimated mean differences (in months) in age at attaining each pubertal marker and for overall timing of puberty (combined estimate) for every additional month of exclusive breast feeding. Furthermore, we estimated differences in pubertal age when comparing children never exclusively breastfed and exclusively breastfed <4 months using children exclusively breastfed ≥4 months as reference. In sub‐analyses, we further adjusted for infant weight gain and childhood BMI at 7 years to investigate whether these variables mediated the association. Results Boys tended to reach pubertal markers later for every additional month of exclusive breast feeding (combined estimate: 0.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0, 0.4 months). Never exclusively breastfed boys reached pubertal markers earlier than the boys exclusively breastfed ≥4 months (combined estimate: −4.1 (95% CI −6.7, −1.6) months). Boys exclusively breastfed <4 months also reached pubertal markers earlier than those never exclusively breastfed but with smaller differences. In girls, duration of breast feeding was not associated with pubertal development. When including infant weight gain or childhood BMI, the results remained essentially unchanged. Conclusions Shorter duration of exclusive breast feeding was associated with earlier pubertal development in boys but not in girls.

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“…Based on the life‐history framework, Ellis (Ellis, 2004) reviewed the energetics theory, which suggests that excessive available energy is associated with earlier pubertal development (Ellis, 2004). This implies that children with increased body mass index (BMI) may enter pubertal development earlier than their peers; a theory supported by other studies (Ahmed, Ong, & Dunger, 2009; Brix et al, 2020b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Father Absence in Pregnancy or During Childhood and Pubertal Development in Girls and Boys: A Population‐Based Cohort Study

et al. 2021

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This cohort study, including 15,810 children born 2000–2003 in Denmark, aimed to investigate the association between father absence in pregnancy or during childhood and pubertal development in girls and boys. The children were followed from 11 years of age and throughout pubertal development. Mean age differences according to exposure groups were estimated for each pubertal marker separately and for a combined pubertal marker. The results suggested that father absence in pregnancy and during childhood was associated with earlier pubertal development in girls, and father absence from late childhood was associated with earlier pubertal development in boys. The paternal investment theory, the psychosocial acceleration theory and the energetics theory were explored, and did not seem to explain the observed associations.

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Risk of selection bias due to non‐participation in a cohort study on pubertal timing

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Nausea During Pregnancy and Timing of Pubertal Development in Sons and Daughters: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Nausea During Pregnancy and Timing of Pubertal Development in Sons and Daughters: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Breast feeding and timing of puberty in boys and girls: A nationwide cohort study

Father Absence in Pregnancy or During Childhood and Pubertal Development in Girls and Boys: A Population‐Based Cohort Study

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