Risk of pregnancy associated with maternal and child nutritional status

Factors related to duration of postpartum amenorrhoea among USA women with prolonged lactation

“…However, the effect of this relationship on subsequent birth interval is debatable (Huffman, 1987;Bongaarts, 1980;Kurz et al, 1993). In The Gambia, maternal dietary supplementation during lactation led to a decrease in the duration of PPA (Lunn et al, 1984), but because both mothers and infants were supplemented it is difficult to attribute this effect solely to improved maternal nutrition.…”

Effects of lactation and contraceptive use on birth‐spacing in Bolivia

“…Vegetables and staples are the primary crops, and there is little access to markets. Families who live in such conditions of extreme poverty are more likely to suffer from malnutrition and disease, and poor health and nutrition negatively influence fecundity (Huffman, 1987;Carballo, 1987;Ramachandran, 1987;Fink et al, 1992). Low nutritional status extends the period of post partum Social Biology amenorrhea, especially among lactating women.…”

“…Previous research indicates that repeated pregnancies and poor nutrition deplete the mother's body and lengthen the period of postpartum amenorrhea (Huffman, 1987;Carballo, 1987). In addition, studies of the effects of nutritional supplementation on lactating women determined that fertility returned faster after the nutritional status of the mother improved (Ramachandran, 1987;Fink et al, 1992).…”

“…Previous studies indicate that the inhibiting effect of lactation on fertility is greatest when modern contraceptive use is low, lactation is unsupplemented, and the nutritional status of the mother is low 109 (Van Landingham et al, 1991;Santow, 1987;Huffman, 1987;Ramachandran, 1987;Fink et al, 1992;Hull, 1987).…”

Analysis of Factors Involved in Lactational Amenorrhea

“…Despite the majority of researches show that exclusive breastfeeding delays the resumption of ovarian cyclicity, it is important to know that a high proportion of women have their postpartum menstrual cycle before the sixth postpartum month [1,3,26,27]. Many factors, including infant feeding practices, in particular, the frequency and the duration of suckling episodes, determine the resumption of ovarian cyclicity and menses [30][31][32]. The duration of LA varies across individuals and populations [31][32][33][34] so it can be as short as two or three months in Western societies, or as long as three years in hunter-gathered societies in the Kalahari desert of Botswana and Namibia [1,[35][36][37][38].…”