Risk of Nosocomial Transmission of Nipah Virus in a Bangladesh Hospital

Gurley, Emily S.; Montgomery, Joel M.; Hossain, M. Jahangir; Islam, M. Rafiqul; Molla, Mohammed Abdur Rahim; Shamsuzzaman, SM; Akram, K.; Zaman, K.; Asgari, Nima; Comer, James A.; Azad, Abul Kalam; Rollin, Pierre E.; Ksiazek, Thomas G.; Breiman, Robert F.

doi:10.1086/516665

Cited by 41 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Addressing some or all of these issues appears to have been successful in preventing further outbreaks in Malaysia but most of these indicators are not present in the Bangladesh or Indian outbreaks, suggesting a more targeted approach may be required in these locations. NiV has continued to cause fatal encephalitis in humans in Bangladesh and India, and for the first time, person-to-person transmission appeared to have been a primary mode of spread (Gurley et al, 2007;Icddr, 2004a;Icddr, 2004b). In addition, there appeared to be direct transmission of the virus from its natural host, the flying fox, to humans ( Luby et al, 2006) with a case mortality greater than 90%, significantly higher than any other NiV outbreak to date.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a chemiluminescent immunodetection assay amenable to high throughput screening of antiviral drugs for Nipah and Hendra virus

Aljofan

Porotto

Moscona

et al. 2008

Journal of Virological Methods

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There are currently no antiviral drugs approved for the highly lethal Biosafety Level Four pathogens Nipah and Hendra virus. A number of researchers are developing surrogate assays amenable to Biosafety Level Two biocontainment but ultimately, the development of a High Throughput Screening method for directly quantifying these viruses in a Biosafety Level Four environment will be critical for final evaluation of antiviral drugs identified in surrogate assays, in addition to reducing the time required for effective antiviral drug development. By adapting an existing immunoplaque assay and using enzyme linked immunodetection in a microtitre plate format, the current experiments describe a simple two step assay protocol involving an overnight virus inoculation of Vero cell monolayers (with or without antiviral drug treatment) at Biosafety Level Four, followed by cell fixation and virus inactivation enabling removal of plates from the Biosafety Level Four laboratory and a subsequent immunodetection assay using a chemiluminescent Horse Radish Peroxidase substrate to be performed at Biosafety Level Two. The analytical sensitivity (limit of detection) of this assay is 100 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50 /ml of either Nipah or Hendra virus. In addition this assay enables linear quantitation of virus over three orders of magnitude and is unaffected by Dimethyl Sulfoxide concentrations of 1% or less. Intra-assay coefficients of variation are acceptable (less than 20%) when detecting a minimum of 1,000 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50 /ml of either virus although inter-assay variation is considerably greater. By an assessment of efficacies of the broad spectrum antiviral Ribavirin and an experimental fusion inhibitory peptide, this assay reveals a good correlation with previously published fluorescent immunodetection assays. The current experiments describe for the first time, a High Throughput Screening method amenable for direct assessment of live henipavirus antiviral drug activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a chemiluminescent immunodetection assay amenable to high throughput screening of antiviral drugs for Nipah and Hendra virus

Aljofan

Porotto

Moscona

et al. 2008

Journal of Virological Methods

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“…12,13 Outbreak investigations in Bangladesh have repeatedly implicated person-toperson transmission of NiV, including health care-associated transmission. 14,15 However, to our knowledge, no evidence of NiV transmission to health care workers had been confirmed in Bangladesh. 14 16 In 2012, a total of 12 human caes of NiV infection were reported, 10 (83%) of them died.…”

Section: Outbreaks In Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…14,15 However, to our knowledge, no evidence of NiV transmission to health care workers had been confirmed in Bangladesh. 14 16 In 2012, a total of 12 human caes of NiV infection were reported, 10 (83%) of them died. 8 The next outbreak of Nipah virus has been reported in Bangladesh in 2013, with 24 cases and 21 deaths.…”

Section: Outbreaks In Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 73%

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Nipah Virus: A Public Health Concern

Siddique

Fardows²,

Farhana

et al. 2016

J Enam Med Col

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“…If person-to-person transmission were extremely effi cient, the conditions and population density of Bangladesh (≈1,000 persons/km 2 ; total population 141 million/144,000/km 2 ) may have resulted in a much larger outbreak. Indeed, a study among health workers in Bangladesh did not fi nd evidence of incidental transmission to persons caring for patients hospitalized with Nipah-related illnesses (34). Bat-to-human was the most probable route of transmission in Goalando; however, some undetermined intermediate or incidental hosts cannot be ruled out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Nipah Virus Encephalitis in Bangladesh1

Montgomery¹,

Hossain²,

Gurley³

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus that causes severe encephalitis in humans. During January 2004, twelve patients with NiV encephalitis (NiVE) were identifi ed in westcentral Bangladesh. A case-control study was conducted to identify factors associated with NiV infection. NiVE patients from the outbreak were enrolled in a matched case-control study. Exact odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confi dence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using a matched analysis. Climbing trees (83% of cases vs. 51% of controls, OR 8.2, 95% CI 1.25-∞) and contact with another NiVE patient (67% of cases vs. 9% of controls, OR 21.4, 95% CI 2.78-966.1) were associated with infection. We did not identify an increased risk for NiV infection among persons who had contact with a potential intermediate host. Although we cannot rule out person-to-person transmission, case-patients were likely infected from contact with fruit bats or their secretions.

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Risk of Nosocomial Transmission of Nipah Virus in a Bangladesh Hospital

Cited by 41 publications

References 17 publications

Development and validation of a chemiluminescent immunodetection assay amenable to high throughput screening of antiviral drugs for Nipah and Hendra virus

Development and validation of a chemiluminescent immunodetection assay amenable to high throughput screening of antiviral drugs for Nipah and Hendra virus

Nipah Virus: A Public Health Concern

Risk Factors for Nipah Virus Encephalitis in Bangladesh1

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