Risk of Neurological Insult in Competitive Deep Breath-Hold Diving

Tetzlaff, Kay; Schöppenthau, H.; Schipke, Jochen D.

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0042

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Decompression sickness (DCS) or "Taravana" can occur in breath-hold divers, especially those diving repetitively (e.g., spearfishing, safety divers, and/or use of underwater scooters) and those performing extreme depths (reviewed in; Cross, 1965;Paulev, 1965;Rahn and Yokoyama, 1965;Schipke et al, 2006;Fitz-Clarke, 2009;Lemaitre et al, 2009;Moon and Gray, 2010;Dujic and Breskovic, 2012). The pathology of DCS, including its manifestation and risk factors have been extensively reviewed elsewhere (Brubakk and Neuman, 2003); however, in breath-hold divers, symptoms can range from dizziness, nausea, thoracic/skin/joint pain, hemiplegia, paresis, dysarthria, vertigo, and unconsciousness, with short-to long-term prognoses (Cross, 1965;Schipke et al, 2006;Cortegiani et al, 2013;Tetzlaff et al, 2017). The consequences of DCS are related to the affinity of certain tissues and the rate at which they uptake nitrogen.…”

Section: Risk Of Decompression Sicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is perhaps not surprising that intravascular bubbles have been reported following spearfishing, where short surface times and the repetitive dives occur with often insufficient times to allow nitrogen clearance (Cialoni et al, 2016). Although this observation is not a universal finding (Boussuges et al, 1997;Gargne et al, 2012), arterial gas embolism following breath-hold diving has been implicated in stroke risk (Tetzlaff et al, 2017). Ultimately, modeling has suggested that the risk of decompression sickness up to 100 meters is quite low, but increases non-linearly to 5-7% at 230 m, where total lung collapse is anticipated to occur (Fitz-Clarke, 2009).…”

Section: Risk Of Decompression Sicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breath-Hold Diving – The Physiology of Diving Deep and Returning

et al. 2021

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Breath-hold diving involves highly integrative physiology and extreme responses to both exercise and asphyxia during progressive elevations in hydrostatic pressure. With astonishing depth records exceeding 100 m, and up to 214 m on a single breath, the human capacity for deep breath-hold diving continues to refute expectations. The physiological challenges and responses occurring during a deep dive highlight the coordinated interplay of oxygen conservation, exercise economy, and hyperbaric management. In this review, the physiology of deep diving is portrayed as it occurs across the phases of a dive: the first 20 m; passive descent; maximal depth; ascent; last 10 m, and surfacing. The acute risks of diving (i.e., pulmonary barotrauma, nitrogen narcosis, and decompression sickness) and the potential long-term medical consequences to breath-hold diving are summarized, and an emphasis on future areas of research of this unique field of physiological adaptation are provided.

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Section: Risk Of Decompression Sicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Of Decompression Sicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath-Hold Diving – The Physiology of Diving Deep and Returning

et al. 2021

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“…The tremendous physiological demands imparted on the human body by traditional breath-hold diving are well described and include effects on the cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological, and renal systems (Dujicv & Breskovic, 2012;Gren et al, 2016;Marabotti et al, 2013;Mijacika & Dujic, 2016;Pendergast & Lundgren, 2009;Tetzlaff, Schöppenthau, & Schipke, 2017). In addition to these physiological challenges, technical divers may be at an increased risk for DCS, Taravana syndrome, AGE, central nervous system (CNS) oxygen toxicity, and barotraumatic injuries of the middle ear, eyes, and sinuses.…”

Section: Pathophysiology and Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Freediving: An Emerging Breath-Hold Diving Technique

Covington¹,

Lee²,

Toffel³

et al. 2019

Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments

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Technical freediving can be defined as freediving augmented by the use of oxygen-enriched gases or oxygen before, during, or after a freedive. As a result of these techniques, breath-hold divers can visit and enjoy underwater wrecks, reefs, and other diving locations previously located at depths unreachable to apnea divers. By pre-breathing oxygen-enriched gases in conjunction with hyperventilation-which decreases the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)-the technical freediver now has additional oxygen to facilitate aerobic respiration during the dive. In addition, pre-breathing oxygen decreases tissue nitrogen tensions, which limits inert gas loading and decreases the risk of decompression sickness (DCS). Finally, this technique decreases PCO2, which diminishes the urge to breathe. Consequently, a diver may be able to dive longer before critical hypoxia or hypercarbia forces an ascent. Technical freediving can also be complemented by the use of a diver propulsion vehicle to increase the speed of descent and ascent and minimize exertion. The techniques of technical freediving may be associated with increased risks in central nervous system oxygen toxicity, DCS, and arterial gas embolism. As the boundaries of apnea diving continue to expand, there will be considerable opportunities to investigate the physiological limits of the human body and to determine the safest methodologies to practice this evolving discipline.

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“…Does it help to regulate it voluntarily? The awareness of internal sensation during a dive is important because only the inner feelings prompt the free diver to float up when necessary, due to the risk to health and life [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Mediation of Dysfunction and Hyperfunction of Respiratory Regulation

Koniukhovskaia

Pervichko

2019

Behavioral Sciences

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This research investigates the continuum between the dysfunction and the hyperfunction of breath regulation and presents the psychological mediation that supports or disrupts this regulation. The pilot study compared breathing regulation in patients with hyperventilation syndrome (HVS), free divers, and healthy volunteers. To examine the ability of voluntary respiration regulation, breath holding involving “easy-going” and “struggling” phases was used. Psychological mediation was assessed through (a) respiratory experience interviews, (b) anxiety levels, and (c) psycho-semantic techniques. Free divers have a bigger “positive breathing vocabulary” and can endure the conflict between the physiological need to inhale and the voluntary motivation to hold their breath for longer. The connection between emotions and negative breathing experience in patients with HVS leads to less breathing control.

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Risk of Neurological Insult in Competitive Deep Breath-Hold Diving

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Breath-Hold Diving – The Physiology of Diving Deep and Returning

Breath-Hold Diving – The Physiology of Diving Deep and Returning

Technical Freediving: An Emerging Breath-Hold Diving Technique

Psychological Mediation of Dysfunction and Hyperfunction of Respiratory Regulation

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