Risk of heavy metals accumulation in soil and wheat grains with waste water irrigation under different NPK levels in alkaline calcareous soil

Mussarat, Maria; Jamal, Waqar Ahmad; Muhammad, Dost; Ahmad, Manzoor; Saleem, Abida; Khan, Sowm; Aman, Faiza; Bibi, Hamida; Shah, Wajid Ali; Dawar, Khadim; Akbar, Noor Ul; Mian, Ishaq Ahmad; Waheed, Muhammad; Ali, Imtiaz; Zia, Afia; Malik, Wasiullah

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258724

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Moreover, our results showed that the application of NPK decreased the uptake of B concentration in the roots and shoots of S. oleracea and the organic acid exudation pattern in the roots of the plants grown under B-contaminated soil (Figure 7). It has been confirmed by other researchers that the biomass of various plants increased with the application of NPK under various conditions (Zafarul-Hye et al, 2020;Mussarat et al, 2021). Similar results were established in another study (Saleem et al, 2021), which reported that the maximum plant growth and biomass of Coriandrum sativum were achieved with the combined use of NPK and gibberellic acid.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron

Ali²,

Saleem³

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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While of lesser prevalence than boron (B) deficient soils, B-rich soils are important to study as they can cause B toxicity in the field and subsequently decrease crop yields in different regions of the world. We have conducted the present study to examine the role of the individual or combined application of silicon (Si) and NPK fertilizer in B-stressed spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea L.). S. oleracea seedlings were subjected to different NPK fertilizers, namely, low NPK (30 kg ha–2) and normal NPK (60 kg ha–2)], which were also supplemented by Si (3 mmol L–1), for varying levels of B in the soil i.e., 0, 250, and 500 mg kg–1. Our results illustrated that the increasing levels of B in the soil caused a substantial decrease in the plant height, number of leaves, number of stems, leaf area, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, magnesium content in the roots, magnesium contents in the shoots, phosphorus content in the roots, phosphorus content in the leaves in the shoots, iron content in the roots, iron content in the shoots, calcium content in the roots, and calcium content in the shoots. However, B toxicity in the soil increased the concentration of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage which were also manifested by the increasing activities of enzymatic [superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)], and non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin content). B toxicity in the soil further increased the concentration of organic acids in the roots such as oxalic acid, malic acid, formic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and fumaric acid. The addition of Si and fertilizer levels in the soil significantly alleviated B toxicity effects on S. oleracea by improving photosynthetic capacity and ultimately plant growth. The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes in Si and NPK-treated plants seems to play a role in capturing stress-induced reactive oxygen species, as was evident from the lower levels of oxidative stress indicators, organic acid exudation, and B concentration in the roots and shoots of Si and NPK-treated plants. Research findings, therefore, suggested that the Si and NPK application can ameliorate B toxicity in S. oleracea seedlings and result in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress as depicted by the balanced exudation of organic acids.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron

Ali²,

Saleem³

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Applying MWR instead of using each water resource alone decreased insignificantly the Zn, Fe, and Cr contents in the barley grains due to a reduction in salinity of the final water resource, which altered the grain yield, availability of metals in soil solution, and metal uptake by plant. Some studies reported an increase in the Zn, Fe, and Cr contents in the grains of wheat irrigated with a combination of wastewater with groundwater (non‐saline water or slightly saline water) compared with that irrigated with groundwater alone (Batool et al, 2023; Mussarat et al, 2021; Sun et al, 2023). Balkhair et al (2014) concluded that the plants irrigated by mixed groundwater and TW adsorbed lower Pb amounts due to the lower Pb content in groundwater compared with TW.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sharma et al (2007) reported that soil pH, moisture, and nutrients were factors influencing metal accumulation in the plants. According to Mussarat et al (2021), AI with wastewater and canal water resulted in lower levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in wheat grains compared with irrigation with canal water alone due to higher heavy metal contents in wastewater. The application of AI compared to MWR altered the amounts of heavy metals in the grain, indicating decreased contents of Zn, Fe and Cr and increased contents of Cu, Cd and Pb.…”

Section: Effects Of Iw On Heavy Metal Content In the Grainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The previous studies investigated the effect of TW diluted with non‐saline or slightly saline groundwater on the accumulation of heavy metals in soils and plants (Assouline et al, 2020; Balkhair et al, 2014; Ben Hassena et al, 2018), in which most studies have focused on the wheat grains rather than the barley grains (Batool et al, 2023; Mussarat et al, 2021; Sun et al, 2023). Additionally, based on our literature review and current knowledge, no previous studies have examined the simultaneous impacts of irrigation regime and a combination of TW and saline water on the uptake of heavy metals by barley grains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field study of irrigation strategies with treated wastewater and saline water on heavy metal accumulation in barley grain

Shahidi,

Khashei‐Siuki,

Bagheri

et al. 2023

Water Environment Research

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This study examines the effects of three irrigation regimes with a combination of saline water and treated wastewater on the accumulation of heavy metals in barley grains. A field experiment was designed as a split‐split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design, in which treatments were different irrigation regimes (50, 70 and 100% full irrigation) and irrigation water types (saline water (SW), treated wastewater (TW), mixed water resources (MWR) and alternative irrigation (AI)). After cultivation and harvesting of the barley crop, the grain yield, 1000‐grain weight and contents of heavy metals in the grains were measured. The grain yield was enhanced by TW alone, MWR and AI to 12.8, 5 and 9.5% under 70%‐deficit irrigation, and 58.3, 21.7 and 8.7% under full irrigation, respectively. Based on the guidelines for safe limits of heavy metals in edible plants and livestock feed, the barley grains were safe for livestock and toxic for humans. The trend of heavy metal contents in the grains was Fe>Zn>Pb>Cu≥Cr>Cd. Irrigation with saline water compared to treated wastewater increased Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr contents in the grains to 11.75, 10.97, 5.22, 19.15, 3.45 and 9.21%, respectively. The amounts of toxic elements of Cd and Pb were maximized by using MWR, while the Cr content in the grain was maximized by using AI. There were no significant difference in the metal uptake by the grains among all irrigation regimes in any irrigation water resource. However, compared to the other irrigation regimes, the full irrigation resulted in lower Zn, Cu and Cd contents, while the 50%‐deficit irrigation led to lower Pb and Cr contents in the grains. Therefore, irrigation with TW is recommended based on the grain yield, while AI is suggested due to lower Cu, Pb and Cd contents in the grain, and MWR is recommended due to lower Cr content. Furthermore, full and 50%‐deficit irrigation regimes are recommended to respectively maximize grain yield and minimize the toxic metal contents in the grain.

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Impact of Irrigation with Wastewater on Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Its Remediation

Nowwar

Farghal

Ismail

et al. 2022

J Soil Sci Plant Nutr

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This study investigates the effects of Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, leaves powder of Salix alba, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatments on the biochemical and yield traits of Phaseolus plants grown under wastewater irrigation. In addition, to assess the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals into the edible plant part. Water samples were obtained from each irrigation source (fresh tap water and untreated wastewater collected from El-Rahawy drain, Giza, Egypt); the plants were treated with our treatments (3 g per kg soil) at the beginning of the experiment (mixed fully into the soil). The results observed that the irrigation of Phaseolus plants with wastewater markedly stimulated the free proline contents, total phenols, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, lipid peroxidation, and abscisic acid throughout the two growth stages. Indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, yield parameters, total soluble carbohydrate, and protein in seeds were significantly reduced. The concentrations of nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and cobalt (Co) in Phaseolus seeds were significantly increased beyond recommended limits set by international organizations. However, our treatments significantly reduced the contents of Ni, Cd, Pb, and Co in seeds; free proline; total phenols; superoxide dismutase; catalase; peroxidase; polyphenol oxidase; lipid peroxidation; and abscisic acid in Phaseolus plants. Moreover, indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, all yield traits, and seed components were enhanced. This study concluded that Spirulina platensis and salix leaves powder being economically and environmentally friendly can be considered an efficient strategy to mitigate the harmful effects of wastewater on plants.

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Risk of heavy metals accumulation in soil and wheat grains with waste water irrigation under different NPK levels in alkaline calcareous soil

Cited by 8 publications

References 16 publications

RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron

RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron

Field study of irrigation strategies with treated wastewater and saline water on heavy metal accumulation in barley grain

Impact of Irrigation with Wastewater on Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Its Remediation

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