Risk of Exposure to Multiple Mycotoxins from Maize-Based Complementary Foods in Tanzania

Kamala, Analice; Kimanya, Martin; Lachat, Carl; Jacxsens, Liesbeth; Haesaert, Geert; Kolsteren, Patrick; Ortiz, Johana; Tiisekwa, B.; Meulenaer, Bruno De

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03429

Cited by 43 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(91 reference statements)

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“…All these studies were conducted in the general population, while others examined cancer patients’ understanding of the causes of their cancer, unveiling beliefs in curses or witchcraft [ 24 , 25 ]. In terms of cancer risk factors, studies have focused on awareness of tobacco, STDs, HIV, alcohol consumption [ 26 , 27 ], and presence of high levels of aflatoxin food contamination [ 28 – 30 ]. None of these studies jointly addressed awareness of multiple cancer risk factors in the population, yet this overall risk is most relevant for an all-encompassing cancer control plan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Awareness of Cancer Risk Factors and Its Signs and Symptoms in Northern Tanzania: a Cross-Sectional Survey in the General Population and in People Living with HIV

Munishi

McCormack

Mangi³

et al. 2019

J Canc Educ

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An important component of cancer control programs for the growing burden in sub-Saharan Africa is a population's awareness of risk factors. Studies thereof have focused on single rather than multiple cancers and carcinogens. During March and April 2015, we undertook a survey to assess awareness of multiple cancer risk factors and symptoms in the Kilimanjaro Region, North Tanzania. General population (n = 620) and attendees at HIV care-and-treatment clinics (CTCs) were included (n = 207). Participants' mean age was 43.8 (interquartile range 30-52) years; 58% were female. Awareness of cancer risk was highest for tobacco (90%) and alcoholic spirits (67%), but tended to be lower for infections (41% for HIV (42.2% and 41.4% for CTC and community group, respectively) and 16% for HPV (16.0% and 16.6% for CTC and community group, respectively)), while that of moldy maize and peanuts was 35% for both. Awareness of specific cancer signs and symptoms ranged between 70% and 90%. Awareness of alcohol and tobacco was higher in men than women (odds ratio = 1.82 (1.38, 2.40) and 3.96 (2.14, 7.31), respectively). In relation to cancer treatment, 70% preferred modern medicine and 10% preferred traditional medicine alone. Sixty percent was not aware of any local cancer early detection services. Only 20% had ever been examined for cancer, and of those screened, CTC group was 1.5 times more likely to screen than community participants. Awareness did not differ by age or HIV status. There are good levels of cancer risk factor awareness for certain lifestyle-related carcinogens in Tanzania; however, increased awareness is needed especially for infections and cancer warning symptom both in the general and HIVpositive population, as well as some myths to be dispelled.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Awareness of Cancer Risk Factors and Its Signs and Symptoms in Northern Tanzania: a Cross-Sectional Survey in the General Population and in People Living with HIV

Munishi

McCormack

Mangi³

et al. 2019

J Canc Educ

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“…Contaminants such as mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and fumonisins, and heavy metals such as lead and mercury are known to be toxic, carcinogenic, and associated with child stunting (Gleason et al, ; Kumar, Mahato, Kamle, Mohanta, & Kang, ; Magoha et al, ; Wu, Narrod, Tiongco, & Liu, ). Two recent studies conducted in Ghana (Blankson & Mill‐Robertson, ) and Tanzania (Kamala et al, ) revealed an alarmingly high exposure to above‐limit aflatoxin levels in cereal‐based CFs. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the nutritional quality and safety of locally marketed CF brands in Rwanda has been undertaken in order to provide a basis for improving nutrient intake and reducing exposure to contaminants of older infants and young children in LICs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inadequacy of nutrients and contaminants found in porridge‐type complementary foods in Rwanda

Grosshagauer

Milani

Kraemer

et al. 2019

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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Child malnutrition remains persistently high in Rwanda. Complementary foods play a key role in young child nutrition. This study explores the quality and safety of complementary food products available in the Rwandan market. Ten of the most consumed porridge-type complementary food products in Rwanda have been analysed. Mean values of macronutrient and micronutrient contents were compared against three international standards and evaluated against label claims. Mean mycotoxin, microbiological, and pesticide contamination were compared with maximum tolerable limits.Mean energy density (385 kcal/100 g) and total fat content (7.9 g/100 g) were lower than all three international benchmarks. The mean fibre content of 8.5 g/100 g was above the maximum recommended amount of Codex Alimentarius and more than double the amount claimed on labels. Mean levels of vitamin A (retinyl palmitate, 0.54 mg/100 g) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol, 3.7 mg/100 g) fell significantly short of all three standards, whereas calcium and zinc requirements were only partially met. Average iron content was 12.1 mg/100 g. The analysis revealed a mean aflatoxin contamination of 61 μg/kg, and high mold and yeast infestation. Escherichia coli and pesticide residues were found, whereas no heavy metals could be quantitated.Overall, complementary food products in Rwanda show inadequate nutrient contents and high aflatoxin and microbial contamination levels. Improved regulation and monitoring of both local and imported products are needed to improve the quality and safety of complementary foods in Rwanda. KEYWORDScomplementary foods, food and nutrient intake, food consumption, food intake, infant and child nutrition, infant feeding ---This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…A study in 1989 implicated mycotoxins, specifically ZEN and its metabolites, to have an estrogenic effect, thus resulting in premature breast development and precocious sexual development in children in Puerto Rico between 1978 and 1981 [31,32]. In addition, exposure to toxigenic fungi and their metabolites have been linked to child growth and weight impairment [6,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. This scenario of stunting and wasting is often seen in the developing continents such as Africa [42], especially in SSA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Occurrence, Exposure and Health Implications in Infants and Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review

Chilaka

Mally

2020

Foods

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Infants and young children (IYC) remain the most vulnerable population group to environmental hazards worldwide, especially in economically developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a result, several governmental and non-governmental institutions including health, environmental and food safety networks and researchers have been proactive toward protecting this group. Mycotoxins, toxic secondary fungal metabolites, contribute largely to the health risks of this young population. In SSA, the scenario is worsened by socioeconomic status, poor agricultural and storage practices, and low level of awareness, as well as the non-establishment and lack of enforcement of regulatory limits in the region. Studies have revealed mycotoxin occurrence in breast milk and other weaning foods. Of concern is the early exposure of infants to mycotoxins through transplacental transfer and breast milk as a consequence of maternal exposure, which may result in adverse health effects. The current paper presents an overview of mycotoxin occurrence in foods intended for IYC in SSA. It discusses the imperative evidence of mycotoxin exposure of this population group in SSA, taking into account consumption data and the occurrence of mycotoxins in food, as well as biomonitoring approaches. Additionally, it discusses the health implications associated with IYC exposure to mycotoxins in SSA.

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Risk of Exposure to Multiple Mycotoxins from Maize-Based Complementary Foods in Tanzania

Cited by 43 publications

References 56 publications

Awareness of Cancer Risk Factors and Its Signs and Symptoms in Northern Tanzania: a Cross-Sectional Survey in the General Population and in People Living with HIV

Awareness of Cancer Risk Factors and Its Signs and Symptoms in Northern Tanzania: a Cross-Sectional Survey in the General Population and in People Living with HIV

Inadequacy of nutrients and contaminants found in porridge‐type complementary foods in Rwanda

Mycotoxin Occurrence, Exposure and Health Implications in Infants and Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review

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