Risk of chlorine dioxide as emerging contaminant during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: enzyme, cardiac, and behavior effects on amphibian tadpoles

Peltzer, Paola M.; Boccioni, Ana P. Cuzziol; Attademo, Andrés M.; Martinuzzi, Candela Soledad; Colussi, Carlina

doi:10.1007/s13530-021-00116-3

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…This study focuses on the examination of the dissemination a "miracle cure" on Twitter, namely, chlorine dioxide, a bleach derivative considered toxic by the FDA (FDA 2019) and in academic articles (Peltzer et al 2022). Chlorine dioxide has been promoted by a nonreligious movement since 1996 as a cure for all fatal diseases and recently by physicians as a cure for COVID-19 despite insufficient evidence of its efficacy against this disease (Baracaldo-Santamaría et al 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Grenons were responsible for selling and promoting MMS within the Genesis II Church before being arrested and charged on the basis of the FDA report (The United States Attorney's Office, Southern District of Florida 2021). Finally, a study published in March 2022 demonstrated the toxicity of this product (Peltzer et al 2022).…”

Section: The Miracle Mineral Solutionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Dissemination of a “Fake Miracle Cure” against COVID-19 on Twitter: The Case of Chlorine Dioxide

Sauvayre

2023

Social Sciences

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The COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to all types of beliefs, theories, and explanations, whether scientific, religious, or conspiratorial. At the beginning of the pandemic, science did not yet have a medicinal product for this new disease, and alternative medicines offering “miracle cures” were acclaimed by some citizens looking for an effective treatment for COVID-19. This article aims to study a specific “miracle cure”, namely, chlorine dioxide, a bleaching agent for textiles or paper that also has disinfectant properties (water, surfaces). The dissemination of information about chlorine dioxide to French-speaking people on the social network Twitter from 1 December 2019 to 30 November 2021 is analyzed using a graph network. The results show that messages promoting misinformation, even if they are likely to be quantitatively less numerous, spread more widely than those based on more reliable information. In addition, this article shows that chlorine dioxide was promoted as an effective cure by medical doctors and peer-reviewed articles, which consequently increased the dissemination of this belief in the social space. Consequently, the process of misinformation entered the sphere of scientific controversy. The boundary between science and misinformation is becoming blurred to the point that it is no longer possible until proven otherwise to call chlorine dioxide a “false miracle cure” but a controversial treatment against COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Miracle Mineral Solutionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Dissemination of a “Fake Miracle Cure” against COVID-19 on Twitter: The Case of Chlorine Dioxide

Sauvayre

2023

Social Sciences

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“…The heart rate (HR) was evaluated following the methodology described by our group for other native amphibian species [ 60 , 61 ]. Briefly, tadpoles (n = 7 per treatment) were placed in ventral side up position in a thin concave plate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heart area was bottom-up trans-illuminated with a spot-led cold light (Luxeon Rebel 3 watt LED©Philips Lumileds, San Jose, CA, USA). Videos were recorded with a remote-triggered portable USB Digital Microscope (video capture resolution: 640 × 480, 30 fps) in lab conditions (constant temperature of 24 °C) for 15 s. The HR (beats min −1 ) was quantified from slow-speed digital videos by direct visual examination of maximum systole ventricle beating [ 61 , 62 ]. The number of beats measured in the 15 s recorded was multiplied by four to obtain the value for 1 min [ 60 , 63 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicological Characterization of Lithium as a “Timebomb” in Aquatic Systems: Tadpoles of the South American Toad Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) as Model Organisms

Peltzer,

Cuzziol Boccioni,

Attademo

et al. 2024

Toxics

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute lethality and chronic sublethal effects of lithium (Li) on Rhinella arenarum tadpoles as model organisms. First a 96 h toxicity assay was performed by exposing tadpoles to Li concentrations from 44.08 to 412.5 mg L−1 to estimate the mortality, and lethal and sublethal effects. Another bioassay was carried out by exposing tadpoles to two environmentally relevant Li concentrations (2.5 and 20 mg L−1) for one and two weeks. The sublethal effects of Li on tadpoles were evaluated by analyzing biochemical, genotoxic, and physiological biomarkers. The mortality in Li-exposed tadpoles increased over time. The median lethal concentration (LC50) ranged from 319.52 (281.21–363.05) mg L−1 at 48 h to 66.92 (52.76–84.89) mg L−1 at 96 h. Exposure to Li at 2.5 and 20 mg L−1 induced alterations in enzymes related to detoxification, antioxidant, and hepatic mechanisms, endocrine disruption of thyroid hormones, genotoxicity, and effects on the physiology of the heart and gastrointestinal systems. Tadpoles exposed to the highest concentration in the chronic bioassay (20 mg L−1 Li), which is the concentration commonly recorded in Li mining sites, showed significant mortality after one week of exposure. These results warn about the high ecotoxicological risk of Li as a contaminant of emerging concern for amphibians.

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“…This author also referred to critical periods or “windows” of development, that is, the periods when exposure to a teratogenic agent could induce a specific malformation (Ozeki et al, 1999). Heart abnormalities were reported for fishes (Incardona & Scholz, 2017; Praskova et al, 2014; Watson et al, 2014) and anuran species (Cuzziol Boccioni et al, 2020; Lenkowski et al, 2008; Peltzer et al, 2019, 2022) exposed to agrochemicals, such as atrazine, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, and diazinon, and emerging contaminants such as dexamethasone, diclofenac, and chlorine dioxide. Similar findings were reported for humans chronically exposed to several agrochemicals (Sekhotha et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anuran heart development and critical developmental periods: A comparative analysis of three neotropical anuran species

Sandoval

Romina

Marilén

et al. 2022

The Anatomical Record

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The heart begins to form early during vertebrate development and is the first functional organ of the embryo. This study aimed to describe and compare the heart development in three Neotropical anuran species, Physalaemus albonotatus, Elachistocleis bicolor, and Scinax nasicus. Different Gosner Stages (GS) of embryos (GS 18-20) and premetamorphic (GS 21-25), prometamorphic (GS 26-41), and metamorphic (GS 42-46) tadpoles were analyzed using stereoscopic microscopy and Scanning Electronic Microscopy. Heart development was similar in the three analyzed species; however, some heterochronic events were identified between P. albonotatus and S. nasicus compared to E. bicolor. In addition, different patterns of melanophores arrangement were observed.

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Risk of chlorine dioxide as emerging contaminant during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: enzyme, cardiac, and behavior effects on amphibian tadpoles

Cited by 6 publications

References 71 publications

Dissemination of a “Fake Miracle Cure” against COVID-19 on Twitter: The Case of Chlorine Dioxide

Dissemination of a “Fake Miracle Cure” against COVID-19 on Twitter: The Case of Chlorine Dioxide

Ecotoxicological Characterization of Lithium as a “Timebomb” in Aquatic Systems: Tadpoles of the South American Toad Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) as Model Organisms

Anuran heart development and critical developmental periods: A comparative analysis of three neotropical anuran species

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