Risk of Cerebro-Cardiovascular Diseases among Police Officers and Firefighters: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study

Lee, Jongin; Lee, Woo-Ri; Yoo, Keun-Young; Cho, Jaelim; Yoon, Jin Ha

doi:10.3349/ymj.2022.63.6.585

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Our findings align with previous studies that showed a high prevalence of CVD and CVD-related mortality in police officers [ 2 , 4 ]. In particular, our study highlighted its association with age and hypertension status.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Police officers face various health issues that influence their overall well-being, including an elevated risk of developing cerebro-cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [ 1 – 4 ]. A population-based study in the Republic of Korea showed that police officers had a significantly higher risk of developing angina pectoris (1.5 times higher), cerebrovascular disease (1.4 times higher), and acute myocardial infarction (1.8 times higher) compared with other government workers [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, large-scale cohort studies specifically investigating the association between police officers and CVD risk as the primary outcome are lacking. Furthermore, previous investigations have often inadequately considered influential variables [ 2 , 4 , 6 ], such as socioeconomic status, and modifiable factors, such as body mass index (BMI), which may confound the relationship between police officers and CVD risk. Moreover, inconsistent results were reported, with one study demonstrating null association between police officers and job-related CVD deaths [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased risk of developing cerebro-cardiovascular diseases in police officers: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

Ko,

Park,

Park

et al. 2024

Clin Hypertens

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Background Police officers face an increased risk of developing cerebro-cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, current literature lacks population-based cohort studies specifically focusing on this association. This study aimed to investigate the association between police officers and the risk of developing CVD compared with education officers, while accounting for socioeconomic and demographic factors. Methods We used the Korean National Health Insurance Service data spanning from 2009 to 2020. In this population-based retrospective matched cohort study, we identified age, sex, and calendar years of job-enrollment–matched education officers for each police officer. This study evaluated the CVD occurrence, including acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. Using multivariable Cox regression analysis, we determined the risk of developing CVD, expressed as a hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Among 104,134 police officers and 104,134 education officers, 4,391(42.2%) cases and 3,631(34.9%) cases of CVD occurred, respectively. The mean ± standard deviation age was 38.4 ± 9.4 years in police officers and 38.6 ± 9.5 years in education officers. The proportion of men was 84.8 % in both groups. Police officers were significantly associated with a higher risk of developing CVD compared with education officers, with an adjusted HR of 1.15 (95% CI, 1.09–1.22). In addition, police officers had significantly higher risks for acute myocardial infarction (adjusted HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06–1.26) and ischemic stroke (adjusted HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09–1.25). Conclusions The findings of our study highlight a significant increase in the risk of developing CVD among police officers, particularly among those aged 45 years and older and those with uncontrolled blood pressure compared to their education officer counterparts. Future cohort studies are required to confirm this association.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased risk of developing cerebro-cardiovascular diseases in police officers: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

Ko,

Park,

Park

et al. 2024

Clin Hypertens

Self Cite

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“…Furthermore, statistics reported by the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund show that, in 2020, 295 LEO’s died while on duty in the United States (National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, 2021). In addition to these operational risks, other detrimental health outcomes including cardiovascular diseases and related risk factors have been associated with law enforcement (Gendron et al, 2019; Lee et al, 2022; Rostami et al, 2019; Violanti, 2014). Previous studies also report that (LEO’s) suffer from chronic pain, including back pain (Benyamina Douma et al, 2017; Carleton et al, 2017) and have a higher incidence of mental health problems compared with the general population (MacEachern et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health, Safety, and Wellness Concerns Among Law Enforcement Officers: An Inductive Approach

Poirier

Allard-Gaudreau

Gendron

et al. 2022

Workplace Health Saf

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Background: Although studies have assessed the impact of occupational risk factors on the health of law enforcement officers (LEO’s), few have involved (LEO’s) as informants in ways that allow their points of view to be heard directly. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore the occupational health, safety, and wellness (OHSW) concerns of (LEO’s). Methods: (LEO’s) working in Quebec, Canada were invited to answer an open-ended question regarding their OHSW concerns. Using a multi-stage content analysis, the collected answers were analyzed and coded by two members of the research team to identify the most recurrent concerns of (LEO’s). Findings: Five themes relating to the OHSW concerns of (LEO’s) were identified, namely, the work schedule, occupational stress, work equipment, workplace health promotion, and operational risks. Furthermore, our analyses highlighted differences in the concerns of (LEO’s) based on their level of experience and sex. Conclusions/Application to Practice: This study addresses a gap in the literature on the OHSW concerns from the perspective of (LEO’s). Overall, our results support that the work schedule and occupational stress associated with law enforcement are the two most recurrent concerns of (LEO’s). Thus, the results of this study further stress the need for police organizations to implement strategies and policies, which could mitigate the deleterious effects of these hazards on the overall wellness of (LEO’s).

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“…5 The NHIS provides a free health screening program that is conducted biennially for all insured individuals living in Korea. 6 The National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort data consisted of 514 795 individuals, comprising a random sample of ≈10% of all eligible Korean adults aged 40 to 79 years who underwent health screening in 2002 or 2003. The database contained information regarding participants’ health screening examinations between 2002 and 2019, such as demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, laboratory test results of blood and urine, and questionnaires on health behaviors, including smoking habits.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Smoking Cessation on the Risk of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Nested Case-Control Study in Korean Men

Ok,

Jeon,

Heo

et al. 2023

Stroke

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Background: Smoking is a well-established risk factor for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and current smokers have an increased risk of SAH. However, there are insufficient data on whether smoking cessation in current smokers reduces the risk of SAH. Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted based on the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort, which comprises nationwide health claims data and a national health screening program in Korea (2002–2019). We constructed a cohort of current male smokers without a history of stroke at the baseline health screening (2002–2003). From this cohort, cases were defined as individuals who experienced a nontraumatic SAH during the follow-up period up to 2019. Five controls were matched to each case using incidence density sampling. Smoking status (continuation or cessation) before the occurrence of SAH was evaluated using the repeated national health screening program. We conducted a multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis, adjusting for alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels, to evaluate the association between SAH risk and smoking cessation. Results: At baseline, there were 112 142 current male smokers. After excluding individuals with prior stroke or insufficient data, the cohort consisted of 105 223 eligible participants (mean age, 50.3±8.5 years). Among them, we identified 318 cases of SAH and 1590 matched controls. Those who quit smoking had a significantly lower risk of SAH compared with current smokers (adjusted odds ratio, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.41–0.73]). The risk of SAH decreased with a longer period of smoking cessation. The risk reduction with smoking cessation was consistent even among prior heavy smokers. Conclusions: Smoking cessation in current male smokers reduced the risk of SAH, and the risk reduction was greater as the cessation period increased. These findings warrant intensive efforts to encourage smokers, even heavy smokers, to quit.

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Risk of Cerebro-Cardiovascular Diseases among Police Officers and Firefighters: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study

Cited by 4 publications

References 31 publications

Increased risk of developing cerebro-cardiovascular diseases in police officers: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

Increased risk of developing cerebro-cardiovascular diseases in police officers: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

Health, Safety, and Wellness Concerns Among Law Enforcement Officers: An Inductive Approach

Effect of Smoking Cessation on the Risk of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Nested Case-Control Study in Korean Men

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