Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Relation to Depression and 14 Common Risk Factors

Abstract

Background Depression has been linked to a worse prognosis of Cardiovascular disease (CVD), and these two diseases share a variety of common risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyles and chronic medical conditions. However, the potential role of these common risk factors in modulating the association between depression and CVD mortality and whether the co-occurrence of depression and a specific common risk factor has a cumulative impact on CVD mortality are still largely unknown. Methods We pooled data from 2005–2014 of Nation health and nutritional examination survey, leading to a study population of 22,177 adults. The Patient Health Questionnaire was employed to assess the depression symptoms, and information on CVD mortality was obtained from the linked mortality file of NHANES. Fourteen common risk factors of depression and CVD were included in this study. Results Based on the interaction analyses, we found overweight was protective for the risk of CVD death in depressive participants, but not in people without depression. Moreover, relative risk-based analyses indicated a mutually promotive effect of depression and baseline CVD or living alone on CVD mortality. Conclusion The novel findings in our study may facilitate risk stratification in the clinical programs targeting CVD mortality and help to shed light on the differential pathophysiological mechanisms in the depression-mediated elevation of CVD mortality.

Depressive Symptoms and Mortality Among US Adults

“…Our findings about overall associations between depression and mortality risk are consistent with previous study results . A study using the 1999 National Health Interview Survey linked with mortality data through 2011 showed that, adjusting for demographic factors, anxiety or depression was associated with 61% elevated risk of mortality .…”

“…In 2020, an estimated 21 million US adults (8.4%) had at least 1 major depressive episode . Numerous adverse outcomes have been associated with depression, including increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and premature mortality . The onset of CVD occurs an average of 7.5 years earlier in adults with mood disorders, and people with severe mental disorders, including moderate to severe depression, die an average of 10 to 20 years earlier than the general population .…”

“…1 Numerous adverse outcomes have been associated with depression, including increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and premature mortality. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 The onset of CVD occurs an average of 7.5 years earlier in adults with mood disorders, 21 and people with severe mental disorders, including moderate to severe depression, die an average of 10 to 20 years earlier than the general population. 22 In addition, depression is a significant determinant of quality of life and utilization of health services, accounting for approximately 50% of psychiatric consultations and 12% of all hospital admissions.…”

Dietary inflammatory index, and depression and mortality risk associations in U.S. adults, with a special focus on cancer survivors

“…As expected, we also observed the association of depression with all-cause mortality in subjects without cancer after E-DII score adjustment and other covariates. Depression itself increases mortality ( 62 ) and depressive victims also suffer from other comorbidities such as asthma and CVD, which could worsen the overall health status and enhance the risk of mortality ( 63 , 64 ). In addition, there were no significant interaction effects between E-DII score and depression in their association with all-cause, cancer-cause death, and CVD-cause death ( Supplementary Table 3 ).…”

Conversations about conducting marketing research in mental health

“…Depression is one of the more common mental health disorders and has been identified as a robust risk factor for suicide (Conner et al , 2013; Kessler et al , 2003). Still, far more people with depression experience premature mortality related to cardiovascular disease than death from suicide (Jia and Li, 2021). Managing concerns about risk for suicide among participants will be essential to avoid unnecessary burden on both participants and the research team.…”