Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race–ethnicity, and sex

Edwards, Frank; Lee, Hedwig; Esposito, Michael

doi:10.1073/pnas.1821204116

Cited by 603 publications

(486 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Compared to their White peers, African Americans, American Indians, and Latino men face higher lifetime risk of being killed by the police (Edwards, Lee, & Esposito, 2019). For young minority men between 25 and 35 years, police killings is among the leading causes of death (Edwards et al, 2019). These findings clarify the existence and persistence of a racism, a system that shows the centrality of power in culture.…”

Section: Why Power Matters? Situating the P-modelmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In the United States, hiring discrimination against racial/ethnic minorities with the same education as White applicants has continued over the last decades with little improvement (Quillian, Pager, Hexel, & Midtbøen, 2017). Compared to their White peers, African Americans, American Indians, and Latino men face higher lifetime risk of being killed by the police (Edwards, Lee, & Esposito, 2019). For young minority men between 25 and 35 years, police killings is among the leading causes of death (Edwards et al, 2019).…”

Section: Why Power Matters? Situating the P-modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What is Culture? Systems of People, Places, and Practices

Causadías¹

2020

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Culture is a fuzzy concept without fixed boundaries, meaning different things according to situations. To address this issue, I introduce a p-model to understand culture as a system of people, places, and practices, for a purpose such as enacting, justifying, or resisting power. People refers to population dynamics, social relations, and culture in groups. Places refers to ecological dynamics, institutional influences, and culture in contexts. Practices refers to participatory dynamics, community engagement, and culture in action. Power refers to forcing others into compliance (power-over people), controlling access to spaces (power-in places), and behaving as desired (power-to practice). I use racism to illustrate the p-model and suggest applications in theory, research, and practice in developmental sciences.

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Section: Why Power Matters? Situating the P-modelmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Why Power Matters? Situating the P-modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is Culture? Systems of People, Places, and Practices

Causadías¹

2020

Preprint

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“…7,8 Research also shows that racial and ethnic minorities are signi cantly more likely than whites to be killed by a police o cer. 9 Risk is highest for black men, who face about a 1 in 1,000 chance of being killed by police comapred to 39 per 100,000 for white men over the life course. The killing of George Floyd, 10 a Black male, on May 25, 2020 triggered Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests 11 against police brutality and social injustices in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

"I felt what was happening in our country [USA] with race was so much scarier than the [COVID-19] virus." Black Lives Matter protesters’ beliefs and practices during the COVID-19 pandemic

Arana-Chicas

Jones

Cartujano-Barrera

et al. 2020

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Background: The killing of George Floyd triggered the Black Lives Matter protests against police brutality and social injustices in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. No research to date has assessed the COVID-19 prevention practices and beliefs of protesters. The purpose of this study was to assess COVID-19 prevention practices and beliefs of Black Lives Matter protesters in the USA. Methods: A pilot mixed methods study was employed. Participants completed a survey collecting data on their frequency in following COVID-19 recommended guidelines and answered open-ended interview questions to elucidate the results from the survey. Results: Twenty participants completed the study. Participants’ average age was 29 and most participants were female (80%) and black (75%). Most always or almost always properly wore their masks (50% and 25%, respectively) and washed their hands during a protest 2-3 times or more than 3 times (35% and 50%, respectively). Although all believed that COVID-19 testing is important (90%), most had never been tested (85%) and most did not self-quarantine for 14 days after protesting (95%). Moreover, most participants reported never or rarely following social distancing guidelines at a protest (25% and 30%, respectively) and most reported being Not at all or Slightly concerned about COVID-19 while at a protest (25% and 30%, respectively). Qualitative data highlighted the following themes: 1) Fighting for social justice, 2) Protesting being more important than COVID-19, 3) Unable to keep 6 ft distance, 4) Masks worn most of the time, 5) Protests sparked global movement, and 6) Increasing awareness of injustices. Conclusion: Although protesters believe that both the fight for social justice and taking precautions during the COVID-19 pandemic are important, they believe the fight for social justice is more important than the COVID-19 pandemic. However, they understand the importance of COVID-19 and try to practice the recommended guidelines to prevent its spread while protesting. These results make an important contribution for policies for controlling the spread of the disease, and also understanding human behavior of protesting for social justice during a pandemic.

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“…), 1,2 African‐American men are up to 3.5 times more likely than their White‐American counterparts to be slain by police 3 . According to Edwards et al 4 in a recent study, one in 1,000 African‐American men will die at the hands of a law enforcement officer—twice the rate of men in general in the United States. Excessive police force—often disproportionately targeted toward African‐Americans because of racism—is a public health crisis, too.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%