Risk Management in Grids

Djemame, Karim; Padgett, James; Gourlay, Iain; Voß, Kerstin; Kao, Odej

doi:10.1002/9780470455432.ch15

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The introduction of risk management to the Grid as proposed by Djemame and Kao 9 permits a more dynamic approach to the usage of SLAs. It involves the modeling of risk that the SLA cannot be fulfilled.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximizing revenue in Grid markets using an economically enhanced resource manager

Macías

Rana

Smith³

et al. 2008

Concurrency and Computation

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Traditional resource management has had as its main objective the optimization of throughput, based on parameters such as CPU, memory, and network bandwidth. With the appearance of Grid markets, new variables that determine economic expenditure, benefit and opportunity must be taken into account.\ud The Self-organizing ICT Resource Management (SORMA) project aims at allowing resource owners and consumers to exploit market mechanisms to sell and buy resources across the Grid. SORMA’s motivation is to achieve efficient resource utilization by maximizing revenue for resource providers and minimizing\ud the cost of resource consumption within a market environment. An overriding factor in Grid markets is the need to ensure that the desired quality of service levels meet the expectations of market participants.\ud This paper explains the proposed use of an economically enhanced resource manager (EERM) for resource provisioning based on economic models. In particular, this paper describes techniques used by the EERM\ud to support revenue maximization across multiple service level agreements and provides an application scenario to demonstrate its usefulness and effectiveness.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximizing revenue in Grid markets using an economically enhanced resource manager

Macías

Rana

Smith³

et al. 2008

Concurrency and Computation

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“…Although the research work presented in this article so far focuses on the legal aspects of data ownership and protection in clouds, it is worth noting other related aspects such as the assessment of cloud end-user privacy protection and confidentiality under different legal systems [28]. Djemame et al [29] have considered specific aspects of SLAs and developed grid architectural support for building risk-aware brokering components. Claessens [30] aims to deliver a datacentric information protection framework based on data-sharing agreements in open computing environments.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legal issues in clouds: towards a risk inventory

Djemame

Barnitzke

Compagnucci

et al. 2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Cloud computing technologies have reached a high level of development, yet a number of obstacles still exist that must be overcome before widespread commercial adoption can become a reality. In a cloud environment, end users requesting services and cloud providers negotiate service-level agreements (SLAs) that provide explicit statements of all expectations and obligations of the participants. If cloud computing is to experience widespread commercial adoption, then incorporating risk assessment techniques is essential during SLA negotiation and service operation. This article focuses on the legal issues surrounding risk assessment in cloud computing. Specifically, it analyses risk regarding data protection and security, and presents the requirements of an inherent risk inventory. The usefulness of such a risk inventory is described in the context of the OPTIMIS project.

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“…In any economic environment there is an inherent level of risk in the actions of participants. Techniques such as risk assessment and risk management [151,152] are commonly used to consider the possibility and consequences of unforeseen events. In DRIVE providers may enter into a contract without full knowledge of the likelihood of being able to meet contractual requirements.…”

Section: Valuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Risk assessment is based on the probability of an event occurring and its impact calculated for all possible circumstances [151]. DRIVE uses the notion of a risk factor allowing participants to assign a risk value to each piece of information considered.…”

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

DRIVE: A Distributed Economic Meta-Scheduler for the Federation of Grid and Cloud Systems

Chard¹

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<p>The computational landscape is littered with islands of disjoint resource providers including commercial Clouds, private Clouds, national Grids, institutional Grids, clusters, and data centers. These providers are independent and isolated due to a lack of communication and coordination, they are also often proprietary without standardised interfaces, protocols, or execution environments. The lack of standardisation and global transparency has the effect of binding consumers to individual providers. With the increasing ubiquity of computation providers there is an opportunity to create federated architectures that span both Grid and Cloud computing providers effectively creating a global computing infrastructure. In order to realise this vision, secure and scalable mechanisms to coordinate resource access are required. This thesis proposes a generic meta-scheduling architecture to facilitate federated resource allocation in which users can provision resources from a range of heterogeneous (service) providers. Efficient resource allocation is difficult in large scale distributed environments due to the inherent lack of centralised control. In a Grid model, local resource managers govern access to a pool of resources within a single administrative domain but have only a local view of the Grid and are unable to collaborate when allocating jobs. Meta-schedulers act at a higher level able to submit jobs to multiple resource managers, however they are most often deployed on a per-client basis and are therefore concerned with only their allocations, essentially competing against one another. In a federated environment the widespread adoption of utility computing models seen in commercial Cloud providers has re-motivated the need for economically aware meta-schedulers. Economies provide a way to represent the different goals and strategies that exist in a competitive distributed environment. The use of economic allocation principles effectively creates an open service market that provides efficient allocation and incentives for participation. The major contributions of this thesis are the architecture and prototype implementation of the DRIVE meta-scheduler. DRIVE is a Virtual Organisation (VO) based distributed economic metascheduler in which members of the VO collaboratively allocate services or resources. Providers joining the VO contribute obligation services to the VO. These contributed services are in effect membership “dues” and are used in the running of the VOs operations – for example allocation, advertising, and general management. DRIVE is independent from a particular class of provider (Service, Grid, or Cloud) or specific economic protocol. This independence enables allocation in federated environments composed of heterogeneous providers in vastly different scenarios. Protocol independence facilitates the use of arbitrary protocols based on specific requirements and infrastructural availability. For instance, within a single organisation where internal trust exists, users can achieve maximum allocation performance by choosing a simple economic protocol. In a global utility Grid no such trust exists. The same meta-scheduler architecture can be used with a secure protocol which ensures the allocation is carried out fairly in the absence of trust. DRIVE establishes contracts between participants as the result of allocation. A contract describes individual requirements and obligations of each party. A unique two stage contract negotiation protocol is used to minimise the effect of allocation latency. In addition due to the co-op nature of the architecture and the use of secure privacy preserving protocols, DRIVE can be deployed in a distributed environment without requiring large scale dedicated resources. This thesis presents several other contributions related to meta-scheduling and open service markets. To overcome the perceived performance limitations of economic systems four high utilisation strategies have been developed and evaluated. Each strategy is shown to improve occupancy, utilisation and profit using synthetic workloads based on a production Grid trace. The gRAVI service wrapping toolkit is presented to address the difficulty web enabling existing applications. The gRAVI toolkit has been extended for this thesis such that it creates economically aware (DRIVE-enabled) services that can be transparently traded in a DRIVE market without requiring developer input. The final contribution of this thesis is the definition and architecture of a Social Cloud – a dynamic Cloud computing infrastructure composed of virtualised resources contributed by members of a Social network. The Social Cloud prototype is based on DRIVE and highlights the ease in which dynamic DRIVE markets can be created and used in different domains.</p>

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Risk Management in Grids

Cited by 9 publications

References 19 publications

Maximizing revenue in Grid markets using an economically enhanced resource manager

Maximizing revenue in Grid markets using an economically enhanced resource manager

Legal issues in clouds: towards a risk inventory

DRIVE: A Distributed Economic Meta-Scheduler for the Federation of Grid and Cloud Systems

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