Risk for oral cancer associated to smoking, smokeless and oral dip products

Abstract

Oral cancer is one of the most common life threatening diseases in India. Tobacco and alcohol are considered to be the most risk factors for oral cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the association of tobacco and poly-ingredient oral dip products with oral cancer. A case-control study of 350 cases and 350 controls, over a period of 19 months, between February 2005 and September 2006 was carried out in Pune, India. The self-reported information about the consumption of tobacco, poly-ingredient oral dip products, alcohol, dietary habits and demographic status were collected by a researcher made questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to identify the risk of substances abuse. The frequency of smoking, smokeless and oral dip products in cases were significantly higher than controls (P < 0.0001). Among smoking types, bidi (P < 0.0001, OR = 4.1 95% CI = 2.4 - 6.9), of smokeless types, chewing tobacco (P < 0.0001, OR = 8.3, 95% CI = 5.4 - 13.0) and mishiri (P < 0.0001, OR = 3.3, 95% CI =2.1 - 5.4), and of oral dip products, consumption of gutkha (P < 0.0001, OR = 12.8, 95% CI =7.0 - 23.7) and supari (P < 0.0001, OR = 6.6, 95% CI =3.0 - 14.8) indicated strong association with oral cancer upon adjustment. This study provides strong evidence that gutkha, supari -areca nut- chewing tobacco (tobacco flakes), bidi smoking and mishiri (tobacco powder, which applied as a tooth and gum cleaner) are independent risk for oral cancer.

Demographic Risk Factors, Affected Anatomical Sites and Clinicopathological Profile for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a North Indian Population

“…A study by Lin et al (2011) supported to our findings. Some previous studies reported that a great risk of oral cancer in consumers who chewing tobacco and kept in the mouth for different duration of time, depending on the personal habits (Muwonge et al, 2008;Madani et al, 2012). Contradictory results also have been obtained in other studies.…”

Tobacco (Kretek) Smoking, Betel Quid Chewing and Risk of Oral Cancer in a Selected Jakarta Population

“…Since a pioneer study by Wynder & Bross (1957), the role of tobacco consumption in oral carcinogenesis has been consistently demonstrated by numerous studies, including huge cohort studies (Znaor et al, 2003;Muwonge et al, 2008;Rosenquist, 2008;Javalekshmi et al, 2011;Madani et al, 2012). Moreover, findings from a nationally representative sample in India which have among the highest prevalence of oral cancer in the world showed that tobacco-related cancers accounted for 42% and 18.3% of male and female deaths respectively, where there were twice as many deaths among oral cancer as compared to lung cancer .…”

Demographics and Histopathological Patterns of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma at a Tertiary Level Referral Hospital in Hyderabad, India: A 5-Year Retrospective Study

“…of bidis and cigarettes or as smokeless forms like tobacco chewing or mishri (tobacco used as tooth cleanser) is the main etiological agent of oral cancer. 8 Studies have shown that the usage of tobacco in various forms is mounting at the rate of 2 to 3% yearly, and it is expected to cause about 13% of deaths in India by 2020. 9 Oral cavity has rich blood supply and lymphatic drainage, therefore the likelihood of cervical metastases of OSCC is very high making it a life-threatening disease.…”