Risk factors, prognostic factors, and nomograms for bone metastasis in patients with newly diagnosed infiltrating duct carcinoma of the breast: a population-based study

Abstract

Background Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, and it is also the leading cause of death in female patients; the most common pathological type of BC is infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC). Some nomograms have been developed to predict bone metastasis (BM) in patients with breast cancer. However, there are no studies on diagnostic and prognostic nomograms for BM in newly diagnosed IDC patients. Methods IDC patients with newly diagnosed BM from 2010 to 2016 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database were reviewed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for BM in patients with IDC. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were used to explore the prognostic factors of BM in patients with IDC. We then constructed nomograms to predict the risk and prognosis of BM for patients with IDC. The results were validated using bootstrap resampling and retrospective research on 113 IDC patients with BM from 2015 to 2018 at the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University. Results This study included 141,959 patients diagnosed with IDC in the SEER database, of whom 2383 cases were IDC patients with BM. The risk factors for BM in patients with IDC included sex, primary site, grade, T stage, N stage, liver metastasis, race, brain metastasis, breast cancer subtype, lung metastasis, insurance status, and marital status. The independent prognostic factors were brain metastases, race, grade, surgery, chemotherapy, age, liver metastases, breast cancer subtype, insurance status, and marital status. Through calibration, receiver operating characteristic curve and decision curve analyses, we found that the nomogram for predicting the prognosis of IDC patients with BM displayed great performance both internally and externally. Conclusion These nomograms are expected to be a precise and personalized tool for predicting the risk and prognosis for BM in patients with IDC. This will help clinicians develop more rational and effective treatment strategies.

A Practical Nomogram to Predict Early Death in Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

“…In recent years, nomograms have been used extensively to predict the risk and prognosis of malignant tumors ( 15 , 16 ). Nomograms based on the SEER database have a larger population sample, so nomograms are more accurate and stable ( 17 , 18 ). The innovation of our study is that, for the first time, the SEER database was used to construct a nomogram to predict the risk of early death in patients with advanced EOC.…”

PBK/TOPK: An Effective Drug Target with Diverse Therapeutic Potential

“…As an oncogene that is overactivated, leading to cancer development at a rapid rate, TOPK overexpression is a common molecular characteristic of human malignancies, and it has been reported in many types of human cancers, including colon, lung, esophageal, prostate, and ovarian cancers [ 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 24 ]. High expression of TOPK has also been linked to tumor aggressiveness, invasion, and metastatic spread in various malignancies.…”

“…In addition, TOPK has fundamental roles in the metastasis of other cancers, including colon cancer and melanoma, which are associated with the AKT, ERK, and β-catenin pathways [ 13 , 40 ]. Knocking down TOPK has been shown to decrease the migration of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo [ 9 , 11 , 12 ]. Indeed, TOPK is highly expressed in tumor cells and facilitates metastasis; hence, targeting TOPK could suppress cancer metastasis.…”

“…Previous studies also indicate that both the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways are constitutively activated through multiple mechanisms in cancers [ 14 , 82 ], suggesting that cross-talk and compensation exist between the two pathways. In addition, Jiang et al [ 12 ] reported that TOPK promotes ESCC metastasis by activating the Src/GSK3β/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways. Therefore, TOPK is an important signaling molecule in PI3K/AKT activation of ERK1/2 signaling.…”

“…Moreover, TOPK dysregulation can also potentiate cancer development and dissemination. Therefore, given that TOPK is highly transactivated in various types of cancer and related to aggressive tumor phenotypes [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], it is now considered a promising molecular target for the treatment of malignant tumors.…”