Risk Factors Predicting Changes in Marijuana Involvement in Teenagers

Bree, Marianne Bernadette van den; Pickworth, Wallace B.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.311

Cited by 158 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Resolute nonusers reported greater parental warmth, and more intense monitoring, than vulnerable nonusers and users, who did not differ. These findings refine earlier research reporting parental differences between users and nonusers (Parker and Benson 2004;Ramirez et al 2004;van den Bree and Pickworth 2005). This same pattern emerged in analyses of adult supervision, religiosity, refusal strength, peer and self-delinquency, sensation seeking, and inhalant use.…”

supporting

confidence: 87%

“…This common pattern of differences among the groups also suggests that inhalant use generally anticipates marijuana use, consistent with earlier research (Johnson et al 1995;Schutz et al 1994). Reports of an inverse relationship between academic performance and drug use are common (Ellickson et al 2004;van den Bree and Pickworth 2005), and significant differences were revealed between users and nonusers in the present analyses as well. This study extends prior research by revealing that among nonusers, vulnerable respondents' academic performance was not different from that of resolute nonusers.…”

supporting

confidence: 64%

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The At-risk Adolescent Marijuana Nonuser: Expanding the Standard Distinction

et al. 2008

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This research expands the user/nonuser dichotomy commonly used in research on marijuana. By conceptualizing nonusers as homogeneous, vital nuances in susceptibility to risk and protective factors may be overlooked. Research operations tested the predictive validity of a brief measure that divided nonusers into resolute and vulnerable subcategories; determined whether variables that distinguished nonusers and users were more informative when a tripartite classification was used; and with an eye on future prevention, examined variables on which resolute nonusers were similar to vulnerable nonusers or users, and on which they differed from both. A nationally representative sample of respondents (N=2,111; ages 12−16 years) from the National Survey of Parents and Youth was used in this secondary analysis. Panel data gathered yearly over four rounds included information on intentions and use of marijuana and other illicit substances, along with social, demographic, intrapersonal, and parental variables. The three groups differed significantly on associates' marijuana use, participants' approval of others' use, and cigarette and alcohol use. Resolute nonusers differed from vulnerable nonusers and users alike on religiosity, delinquency (self and friends'), refusal strength, sensation seeking, parental monitoring and warmth, and adult supervision. Results support the utility of distinguishing vulnerable from resolute nonusers, counsel against considering nonusers as a homogeneous group, and provide insight into variables that might prove useful in future prevention efforts. KeywordsMarijuana usage; Risk taking; Adolescent attitudes; Drug initiation; Drug abuse; Risk factors; Secondary analysis; Vulnerability Despite massive public expenditures to curtail its adoption, marijuana remains the illicit drug most widely used by adolescents in the United States (Johnston et al. 2006). Consequences of marijuana use include increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases (Boyer et al. 1999), problems at school (Lynskey and Hall 2000), motor vehicle accidents (Smiley 1999), and lung and bronchial cancers (Sidney et al. 1997). The most common substance reported in adolescents' emergency department admissions (Office of Applied Studies 2000), marijuana can impair adolescent development (Hall and Solowij 1998); heavy usage can attenuate learning and mental flexibility (Lundqvist 2005), and may precipitate psychosis and schizophrenia in vulnerable youth (Ferdinand et al. 2005;Hall 1998;Smit et al. 2004). These stark findings clearly counsel prevention. To maximize scarce resources, youth most vulnerable to marijuana initiation must be identified (Crano and Burgoon 2002;Kosterman et al. 2000). Early marijuana risk research traditionally focused on differences between users and nonusers. Later studies explored differences among users (Jessor and Jessor 1977;Kandel et al. 1992), a reasonable tactic if the research is concerned with treatment variations; but if prevention is central, then factors that identify differences among n...

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confidence: 87%

supporting

confidence: 64%

The At-risk Adolescent Marijuana Nonuser: Expanding the Standard Distinction

et al. 2008

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“…Finally, there is mixed evidence regarding the influence of different risk and protective factors depending upon levels of ATOD involvement such as initiation or escalation. Although most studies have found evidence that the relevance of factors varied by stage of use [26,27], other studies report little variation [25,28].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Risk and Protective Factors in Substance Use Across Adolescence

Cleveland

Feinberg

Bontempo

et al. 2008

Journal of Adolescent Health

243

182

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Purpose-To compare the relative influence of risk and protective factors across several domains on adolescent substance use in a large sample of youth.Methods-Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students in Pennsylvania (N = 91,778). Generalized linear mixed models were estimated for each grade level to examine associations among indices of 3 risk (individual, peer, and family) and 3 protective (family, school, and community) factors and (a) lifetime substance use and (b) recent substance use.Results-The risk factors were stronger predictors of substance use outcomes compared to the protective factors, regardless of grade level or substance use type. In particular, the individual and peer risk factors were strongly related to lifetime and recent use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. Among the protective factors, the strongest associations with substance use were found in the community domain. Several age-related differences in the associations were also found, suggesting that family and community factors were more salient among younger grades whereas peer and school factors were stronger among older adolescents.Conclusions-These findings provide support for the Social Development Model (SDM), which proposes that adolescent substance use is associated with factors across multiple spheres of influence. Age-related differences in these associations suggest that effective interventions to reduce adolescent substance use may need to emphasize different domains of risk and protective factors at different stages of adolescent development. KeywordsAdolescence; age differences; risk factors; protective factors; substance use Recent epidemiologic surveys indicate that substance use by U.S. youth remains a matter of concern. For example, the 2006 Monitoring the Future results showed that among 12 th graders, most (72.7%) had tried alcohol at least once in their lives and almost half (42.3%) reported lifetime use of marijuana. Among the 8 th grade students, lifetime prevalence of alcohol exceeded 40% and nearly 16% reported trying marijuana at least once. Lifetime use of cigarettes was reported by nearly half (47.1%) of 12 th graders and almost one-fourth (24.6%)Corresponding Author: Michael J. Cleveland, The Methodology Center, 204 E. Calder Way, Suite 400, State College, PA 16801, Email: mjc37@psu.edu, Phone: 814-867-0333, Fax: 814-863-0000. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. [1,2]. Moreover, even though the lifetime and annual prevalence rates have declined in the last decade, there is some evidence that the rat...

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“…Interestingly, Amonini and Donovan (2006) and Frank and Kendall (2001) argue that through religious teaching, desired behaviours that are linked to moral values can provide a platform for adolescents/children to make cognitive assessments when making healthy choices. Whilst empirical research into healthy behaviours indicates the efficacy between religion and desired behaviours/outcomes, the converse applies with the relationship between religion and alcohol abuse and religion and licentious sexual behaviour (Abraham, Sherran & Abraham, 1992;Bree & Pickworth, 2005;Hassett, 1981;Wallace & Bachman, 1991). Furthermore, strong negative correlations apply with the relationship between religion and drug use (Adlaf & Smart, 1985;Amonini & Donovan, 2006;Burkett & Warren, 1987;Lorch & Hughes, 1985;Lugoe & Biswalo, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Religion in Mass Media Social Marketing Campaigns: A Paradox

Esch¹

2015

IJBM

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Religion and mass media social marketing (MMSM) are considered major influencing factors within popular culture. Unfortunately, both researchers and practitioners of MMSM campaigns either lack religious intellect or intentionally mitigate against its logical use whilst on the other hand; empirical research into healthy behaviours indicates an efficacy between religion and desired behaviours/outcomes, however; these elements receive minimal attention from health campaign researchers and practitioners. Remarkably, other social marketing research has used different models/theories of behaviour change, some acknowledge the 'religion' concept and its application, yet they fail to recognise and address it as a variable during the data analysis phase. As a result, discussions about the possible intersect and/or inter-relationship of religion and MMSM is often disputed, intentionally abandoned and generally not well informed.

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Risk Factors Predicting Changes in Marijuana Involvement in Teenagers

Abstract: Assessment of substance, school, and delinquency factors is important in identifying individuals at high risk for continued involvement with marijuana. Prevention and/or intervention efforts should focus on these areas of risk.

Cited by 158 publications

References 77 publications

The At-risk Adolescent Marijuana Nonuser: Expanding the Standard Distinction

The At-risk Adolescent Marijuana Nonuser: Expanding the Standard Distinction

The Role of Risk and Protective Factors in Substance Use Across Adolescence

Religion in Mass Media Social Marketing Campaigns: A Paradox

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