Risk Factors, Outcomes and Healthcare Utilisation in Individuals with Multimorbidity Including Heart Failure, Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - a National Electronic Health Record Study

Direct Medical Costs and Medication Use Trends in Patients Having Type 2 Diabetes with Chronic Kidney Disease in Beijing, China in 2016–2018

“…The top three non-hypoglycemic drugs were statins, calcium channel blockers, and traditional Chinese medicine in patients with CKD and statins, calcium channel blockers, and aspirin in patients without CKD (Fig.1).AGIs: α-glucosidase inhibitors, SUs: sulfonylureas, DPP4i: dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors.DiscussionNotably, DM has become the third most predominant cause (27.1%) of CKD onset, the leading cause (40.5%) for CKD progression, and the most common cause (45%) for ESKD[13]. The 5-year all-cause mortality rate was 17.9% (95% CI: 17.6-18.2%) in patients having T2DM with CKD[14]. In the general population, the overall prevalence of CKD in China from 2009 to 2018 ranged from 9.9-16.8%[9.8% in 2009-2012, 16.4% in 2015-2017, and 16.8% in 2017-2018], and the prevalence of DKD was < 5%[15][16][17].…”