Risk factors of Parkinson disease

Belvisi, Daniele; Pellicciari, Roberta; Fabbrini, A; Costanzo, Matteo; Pietracupa, Sara; Lucia, Maria De; Modugno, Nicola; Magrinelli, Francesca; Dallocchio, Carlo; Ercoli, Tommaso; Terravecchia, Claudio; Solla, Paolo; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Tinazzi, Michèle; Berardelli, Alfredo; Defazio, Giovanni

doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010813

Cited by 57 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Hyposmia may be an early known pre-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease. This raises the possibility of a contribution of COVID-19 in the development of this multifactorial condition [38]. Although few cases of parkinsonism have been described after 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection, the causal relationship between COVID-19 and the development of Parkinson's disease is not yet supported by robust clinical/etiopathogenic evidence [39,40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative smell/taste disorders as sequelae of acute COVID-19

et al. 2021

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Background Qualitative smell/taste disorders (such as phantosmia, parosmia, phantogeusia, and parageusia) have not yet been fully characterized in patients who had COVID-19, whereas quantitative disturbances (i.e., reduction/loss of smell/taste) have been widely investigated. Objective To simultaneously assess the presence of both quantitative and qualitative smell/taste dysfunctions in patients who suffered from COVID-19. Methods We enrolled 17 consecutive patients who suffered from COVID-19 over the last 6 months and 21 healthy controls, matched for sex and age. After a negative nasopharyngeal swab, the Sniffin’ Sticks Test and the Taste Strips were used to assess olfactory and taste function, respectively. At the same time, the presence of phantosmia, parosmia, phantogeusia, and parageusia was investigated with a standardized questionnaire. Results Qualitative disturbances of smell and/or taste were found in 6/17 (35.3%) patients. Phantosmia was reported in 2/17 (11.8%) patients and parosmia in 4/17 (23.5%). There were no significant differences in smell test scores between patients who reported phantosmia and/or parosmia and patients who did not. Phantogeusia was described in 3/17 (17.6%) patients, and parageusia was identified in 4/17 (23.5%) patients. All tested patients were normogeusic. Conclusion Around one-third of patients who recover from COVID-19 may have persistent qualitative dysfunction in smell/taste domains. Detection of phantogeusia in long-term COVID-19 patients represents a further novel finding. Further investigation is needed to better characterize the pathophysiology of phantosmia, parosmia, phantogeusia, and parageusia in patients who had COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative smell/taste disorders as sequelae of acute COVID-19

et al. 2021

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“…In conclusion, the subtyping of PD patients is not a mere clinical classification but reflects different pathophysiological mechanisms with different risk factors [ 59 , 60 ], and an integration between different neuroimaging techniques could improve the characterization and treatment of this “salamander” disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging the Functional Neuroanatomy of Parkinson’s Disease: Clinical Applications and Future Directions

Lauretani

Longobucco

Ravazzoni

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The neurobiology of Parkinson’s disease and its progression has been investigated during the last few decades. Braak et al. proposed neuropathological stages of this disease based on the recognizable topographical extent of Lewy body lesions. This pathological process involves specific brain areas with an ascending course from the brain stem to the cortex. Post-mortem studies are of importance to better understand not only the progression of motor symptoms, but also the involvement of other domains, including cognition and behavior. The correlation between the neuropathological expansion of the disease and the clinical phases remains demanding. Neuroimaging, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), could help to bridge this existing gap by providing in vivo evidence of the extension of the disorders. In the last decade, we observed an overabundance of reports regarding the sensitivity of neuroimaging techniques. All these studies were aimed at improving the accuracy of Parkinson’s disease (PD) diagnosis and discriminating it from other causes of parkinsonism. In this review, we look at the recent literature concerning PD and address the new frontier of diagnostic accuracy in terms of identification of early stages of the disease and conventional neuroimaging techniques that, in vivo, are capable of photographing the basal ganglia network and its cerebral connections.

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“…However, the frequency of past smoking habits was not different between these groups of PD patients. Epidemiological studies have consistently reported an inverse correlation between tobacco use and PD [ 26 , 27 ]. There is evidence of a functional interaction between dopamine and nicotinic cholinergic systems and that nicotine may contribute to the symptomatic management of nonmotor symptoms in PD, by stimulating the dopamine release in the striatum [ 28 , 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central Pain in Parkinson’s Disease: Behavioral and Cognitive Characteristics

Vila‐Chã

Cavaco

Mendes

et al. 2021

Parkinson's Disease

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Introduction. Pain is a major nonmotor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and central parkinsonian pain is the core feature of the putative Park pain subtype of PD. This study aimed to explore the cognitive and behavioral profile of PD patients with central parkinsonian pain. Material and Methods. A structured interview was used to identify and characterize pain in a cohort of 260 consecutive PD patients. The Ford classification of pain was applied. The Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2) and the Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease Short Form (QUIP-S) were administered, and patients’ smoking habits were recorded. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was used to assess motor and nonmotor symptoms in off and on conditions. Results. One hundred and eighty-eight patients (68%) reported pain; and in 41 (22%) of them, the pain was classified as central parkinsonian pain. PD patients with central parkinsonian pain had better cognitive performance in DRS-2 Initiation/Perseveration and Conceptualization subscales but reported more other compulsive behaviors (e.g., hobbyism, punding, and walkabout) and had more current smoking habits than those without pain or with non-central parkinsonian pain. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the DRS-2 Conceptualization subscale, other compulsive behaviors, and smoking habits remained statistically associated with central parkinsonian pain even when other significant covariates were considered. Only patients with pain, regardless of type, had a gambling disorder. Discussion. The study results provide further evidence that pain revealed that patients with central parkinsonian pain are more likely to present compulsive or addictive behaviors, despite having more preserved cognitive performance. Patients with central parkinsonian pain appear to have a distinct phenotype of PD.

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Risk factors of Parkinson disease

Cited by 57 publications

References 27 publications

Qualitative smell/taste disorders as sequelae of acute COVID-19

Qualitative smell/taste disorders as sequelae of acute COVID-19

Imaging the Functional Neuroanatomy of Parkinson’s Disease: Clinical Applications and Future Directions

Central Pain in Parkinson’s Disease: Behavioral and Cognitive Characteristics

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