Risk Factors of Leishmania Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in Trang Province, Southern Thailand: A Study on Three Prevalent Species

Charoensakulchai, Sakarn; Bualert, Lertwut; Manomat, Jipada; Mungthin, Mathirut; Leelayoova, Saovanee; Tan‐ariya, Peerapan; Siripattanapipong, Suradej; Naaglor, Tawee; Piyaraj, Phunlerd

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0332

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Our previous studies on prevalence and risk factors of leishmaniasis have focused on patients with HIV/AIDS, a high risk group, in southern Thailand [18,22,23]. This is the first community-based study to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania >1:100 = 1 case $ 1:100 = 1 case, 1:200 = 3 cases, 1:400 = 1 case and �1:800 = 4 cases PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES infection among immunocompetent individuals, indicating the situation of Leishmania infection in endemic areas of Thailand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand

et al. 2021

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Background Leishmaniasis is an emerging infectious disease reported in the north and south of Thailand of which patients with HIV/AIDS are a high risk group for acquiring the infection. A lack of information regarding prevalence, and the risk association of Leishmania infection among asymptomatic immunocompetent hosts needs further investigation. Information on potential vectors and animal reservoirs in the affected areas is also important to control disease transmission. Methods An outbreak investigation and a cross-sectional study were conducted following one index case of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. martiniquensis in an immunocompetent male patient reported in August 2015, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. From September to November 2015, a total of 392 participants at two study areas who were related to the index case, 130 students at a semi-boarding vocational school and 262 hill tribe villagers in the patient’s hometown, were recruited in this study. The nested internal transcribed spacer 1-PCR (ITS1-PCR) was performed to detect Leishmania DNA in buffy coat, and nucleotide sequencing was used to identify species. Antibody screening in plasma was performed using the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT), and associated risk factors were analyzed using a standardized questionnaire. Captured sandflies within the study areas were identified and detected for Leishmania DNA using nested ITS1-PCR. Moreover, the animal reservoirs in the study areas were also explored for Leishmania infection. Results Of 392 participants, 28 (7.1%) were positive for Leishmania infection of which 1 (4.8%) was L. martiniquensis, 12 (57.1%) were L. orientalis and 8 (38.1%) were Leishmania spp. Of 28, 15 (53.6%) were DAT positive. None showed any symptoms of CL or visceral leishmaniasis. Risk factors were associated with being female (adjusted odds ratio, AOR 2.52, 95%CI 1.01–6.26), increasing age (AOR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02–1.08), having an animal enclosure in a housing area (AOR 3.04, 95%CI 1.13–8.22), being exposed to termite mounds (AOR 3.74, 95%CI 1.11–12.58) and having domestic animals in a housing area (AOR 7.11, 95%CI 2.08–24.37). At the semi-boarding vocational school, six Sergentomyia gemmea samples were PCR positive for DNA of L. orientalis and one S. gemmea was PCR positive for DNA of L. donovani/L. infantum. Additionally, one Phlebotomus stantoni was PCR positive for DNA of L. martiniquensis, and one black rat (Rattus rattus) was PCR positive for DNA of L. martiniquensis. Conclusion This information could be useful for monitoring Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts in affected areas and also setting up strategies for prevention and control. A follow-up study of asymptomatic individuals with seropositive results as well as those with positive PCR results is recommended.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand

et al. 2021

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“…As of 2021, leishmania-HIV co-infection has been reported in 45 countries. Brazil, Ethiopia, and the state of Bihar in India have reported high Leishmania-HIV coinfection rates [16].…”

Section: Kala-azar-hiv Co-infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treatment of Kalazar is not simple, the drug administration should necessarily be done by trained health personnel since most of the anti-leishmanials are injectable drugs. All the Kalazar affected cases are required to comply with the drug regimen and take complete treatment [16].…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India

R. Patil,

K. Chatterjee

2024

Leishmania Parasites - Epidemiology, Immunopathology and Hosts

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Kala-azar is a leading parasitic infection of great epidemic and mortality potential. More than 90% of Incident cases brought to notice of WHO in 2019 were mainly reported from 10 countries. Four endemic states in India namely Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand have high disease burden of Kalazar. All 4 endemic states have to mandatorily notify cases to the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) every month, even if there are zero cases. In recent years of Kala-azar cases, India have witnessed reduction of 97% largely due to the introduction of single-dose AmBisome –in India has been the game changer. There are three forms of leishmaniasis seen in India Kala-azar, they are Visceral Leishmaniasis, Post Kalazar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) and Cutaneous leishmaniasis. PKDL patients harbor the parasite and may be the source of new infection to the vector even 20 years later. Poverty enhances the risk for Kala-azar. Poor housing and domestic sanitary conditions are good breeding ground for sandfly which is the vector for Visceral Leishmaniasis, as well as resting sites and their ease of sandfly contact with humans. Kala-azar is a climate-sensitive disease as any change in temperature and humidity influences vector breeding.

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“…Although the number of cases has been decreasing in the past few years in severely affected countries such as India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, it is still very difficult to make an estimate on a potential date for the complete and definitive elimination of leishmaniasis globally. Major obstacles to achieving this purpose are post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfections [2,4,59,209]. In a globalized world, global consciousness is of paramount importance, and global and coordinated actions should be mandatory to achieve effective control of leishmaniasis.…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Modulation of the Immune Response Mediated by Nucleotides in Canine Leishmaniosis

Segarra

2021

Microorganisms

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Leishmaniasis is an emerging, uncontrolled, and neglected zoonotic disease. Climate change is contributing to its ongoing global expansion. The dog is the main reservoir; hence the importance of implementing effective treatment, prevention, and control measures in this animal species to protect public health. However, although the standard treatment for canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is effective, it does not provide full parasitological clearance, and side effects and drug resistance have been described. The host’s immune system plays a key role in the establishment and evolution of leishmaniasis. Dietary nucleotides modulate the immune response and, given their reported efficacy and safety in sick and clinically healthy Leishmania-infected dogs and because they represent a sustainable option with no associated side effects or resistance, they could be included within the prevention, treatment, and control strategies for leishmaniasis. This article briefly summarizes the scientific literature on CanL management, including unresolved issues, and reviews the scientific evidence on immunomodulatory effects of dietary nucleotides in different animal species. It also proposes a CanL management algorithm, including nucleotides. It is concluded that nutritional modulation of the immune response with nucleotides can contribute to better management of leishmaniasis following a One Health approach, especially in the COVID-19 era.

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Risk Factors of Leishmania Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in Trang Province, Southern Thailand: A Study on Three Prevalent Species

Cited by 7 publications

References 60 publications

Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand

Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand

Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India

Nutritional Modulation of the Immune Response Mediated by Nucleotides in Canine Leishmaniosis

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