Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Developing Countries

Rehan, Farah; Qadeer, Alina; Bashir, Irfan; Jamshaid, M

doi:10.3329/icpj.v5i8.28875

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…A study performed by Triant et al (204) observed a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension (21.2 vs. 15.9%) in a cohort of HIV-infected patients compared with their seronegative counterparts. A substantial proportion of CVD-related deaths occurs in lowand medium-income countries (169), with hypertension the leading associated risk factor (38). The durations of both HIV infection and ARV treatment are independently related to the onset of hypertension even after adjusting for variables such as obesity and the metabolic syndrome (35,134).…”

Section: Vascular Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality (8,174), with ϳ80% of CVD-related deaths occurring in low-and middle-income countries (38,169). Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is burdened not only with a relatively high CVD prevalence but also with ϳ24.7 million people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV; ϳ70% of global HIV-positive population) (100).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HIV-related cardiovascular diseases: the search for a unifying hypothesis

Dominick

Midgley

Swart

et al. 2020

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Although the extensive rollout of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy resulted in a longer life expectancy for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), such individuals display a relatively increased occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This health challenge stimulated significant research interests in the field, leading to an improved understanding of both lifestyle-related risk factors and the underlying mechanisms of CVD onset in PLHIV. However, despite such progress, the precise role of various risk factors and mechanisms underlying the development of HIV-mediated CVD still remains relatively poorly understood. Therefore, we review CVD onset in PLHIV and focus on 1) the spectrum of cardiovascular complications that typically manifest in such persons and 2) underlying mechanisms that are implicated in this process. Here, the contributions of such factors and modulators and underlying mechanisms are considered in a holistic and integrative manner to generate a unifying hypothesis that includes identification of the core pathways mediating CVD onset. The review focuses on the sub-Saharan African context, as there are relatively high numbers of PLHIV residing within this region, indicating that the greater CVD risk will increasingly threaten the well-being and health of its citizens. It is our opinion that such an approach helps point the way for future research efforts to improve treatment strategies and/or lifestyle-related modifications for PLHIV.

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Section: Vascular Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-related cardiovascular diseases: the search for a unifying hypothesis

Dominick

Midgley

Swart

et al. 2020

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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“…Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) had increased in both developing and developed countries. 1) 2) In developing countries, CVD has become a leading cause of disease burden. 3) However, a decreasing trend in the mortality rate has been observed in developed and high-income countries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and Republic of Korea, owing to improved lifestyle and better disease management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 3) However, a decreasing trend in the mortality rate has been observed in developed and high-income countries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and Republic of Korea, owing to improved lifestyle and better disease management. 1) 2) In Korea, CVDs, in particular total heart diseases, are the leading causes of death among single-organ diseases. 4) Understanding the trends in CVD related mortality is important in reducing healthcare burden and developing strategies for reducing CVD mortality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thirty-six Year Trends in Mortality from Diseases of Circulatory System in Korea

Baek

Lee

et al. 2021

Korean Circ J

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Background and Objectives Understanding the trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality is important for developing burden reduction strategies. Based on the Cause of Death Statistics, we examined the changing patterns of CVD mortality in Korea between 1983 and 2018. Methods Causes of death were coded according to the International Classification of Disease, 10th revision. Deaths from all diseases of circulatory system (I00-I99) and the following 6 subcategories were analyzed: total heart diseases (I00-I13 and I20-I51), hypertensive heart diseases (I10-I13), ischemic heart diseases (I20-I25), myocardial infarction (I21-I23), heart failure (I50), and cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69). Crude, age-standardized, and age-stratified rates were calculated to assess temporal trends in CVD mortality. Results The number of deaths and crude mortality rate for all diseases of circulatory system increased recently mainly due to the population ageing. Specifically, total heart diseases showed increasing trend, whereas cerebrovascular diseases showed decreasing trend. Between 1983 and 2018, age-standardized mortality rates significantly declined for all diseases of circulatory system, total heart diseases, hypertensive heart diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases. Age-standardized mortality rates for ischemic heart diseases and myocardial infarction peaked in the early 2000s then decreased thereafter. However, age-standardized mortality rate for heart failure rapidly increased, especially in recent years. Conclusions CVD mortality in Korea has remarkably decreased over the last 36 years. However, the recent rise in the absolute number of deaths from heart diseases, especially from heart failure, calls for attention in prevention and management of CVD and its sequelae.

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“…Annually, about 17.7 million people die from cardiovascular diseases worldwide, accounting for 31.1% of all deaths, resulting in 151 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) (Roth etal., 2017) . By 2030 CVD will be responsible for more than half of all deaths in Africa (Yuyun et al, 2020) .About 80% of CVD deaths take place in low and middle income countries (Rehan et al, 2016) ,CVD is becoming one of the greatest challenges that threaten the development in such countries ,adding a heavy burden on health services that are barely dealing with communicable diseases (Gupta and Yusuf , 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Prediction Using the Framingham Risk Score

2021

Egypt. J. Occup. Med.

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Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the world's most common cause of death . The Framingham risk score (FRS) is the most commonly used method for CVD risk assessment. Low risk individuals have 10% or less coronary heart diseases (CHD) risk at 10 years, 10-20% have intermediate risk and 20% or more have high risk. Aim of Work: To estimate the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases over next ten years among the administrative staff at Zagazig University, Egypt. Material and Methods : A structured questionnaire was used to get data about socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements was done, laboratory investigations to measure . The Framingham risk score (FRS) was calculated by using information on age, gender, smoking , diabetes mellitus (DM), systolic blood pressure , treatment for hypertension , and total blood cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein levels for every subject. Results: About 55% of the studied sample were males and 44.8% were females, the overall prevalence of systolic hypertension was 45.7% , 36.2% had a positive family history of CVD , 25% were physically active ( the majority of them were males),21.5% were diabetic, 63.7% had high blood cholesterol,55.1% had central obesity,68.1% were overweight or obese. FRS mean for males was higher as compared to females (14.3±7.1 and11.9±5.8 respectively). Participants with high CVR risk were mainly inactive, smokers, with positive family history, diabetics, hypertensive, with high blood cholesterol level, high density lipoprotein and with central FRS and age, cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose ,weight , waist circumference and body mass index(BMI) . Conclusion: About 42% of our studied subjects were at low anticipated 10-year CVD risk, 30% were

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Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Developing Countries

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

HIV-related cardiovascular diseases: the search for a unifying hypothesis

HIV-related cardiovascular diseases: the search for a unifying hypothesis

Thirty-six Year Trends in Mortality from Diseases of Circulatory System in Korea

Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Prediction Using the Framingham Risk Score

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