Risk factors in miscarriage: a review

García-Enguidanos, A.; Calle, Marı́a Elisa; Valero, Jesús de la Fuente; Luna, Sonsoles; Domínguez-Rojas, V.

doi:10.1016/s0301-2115(01)00613-3

Cited by 263 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…It is reported that genetic abnormalities, uterine anatomical defects, antiphospholipid antibodies, environmental factors, advanced maternal age, obesity, endometriosis, etc. may be the possible causes of miscarriage in natural and assisted conceptions [20][21][22][23][24]. In our study, the higher miscarriage rates in patients over 35 years old may mainly result from advanced maternal age and aneuploid embryo since most of the other reasons were excluded before IVF cycle starting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Effect of maternal age on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET)

Yan

Tang

et al. 2012

Sci. China Life Sci.

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This is a retrospective, observational study to evaluate the effect of maternal age on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). 11830 IVF-ET cycles from 10268 women were included. Four groups of different maternal age periods were compared. The groups were 2130 years old group (4549 cycles), 31-35 years old group (4424 cycles), 36-40 years old group (2429 cycles), and over 40 years old group (428 cycles). The mean starting dose of Gn and mean total dose of Gn in each cycle were significantly higher (P<0.01), while the mean retrieved oocyte number was significantly lower (P<0.01) in groups of higher maternal age period than those in each of the lower groups. The biochemical pregnancy rate and the clinical pregnancy rate were significantly lower (P<0.01), while the miscarriage rate was significantly higher (P<0.01) in groups of higher maternal age period than those in the lower groups. No difference was found in two-pronuclear zygotes (2PN) rate and good quality embryo rate among different groups. Birth defect rate was also comparable in the born babies in different groups. In the group with patients' age over 40 years old, the pregnancy rate was 26.87%, the clinical pregnancy rate was 19.39%, while the miscarriage rate after clinical pregnancy was 36.14%. To draw the conclusion, patients with higher maternal age had worse IVF outcomes. In women of fertile age, patients between 20 and 30 years old have the best IVF outcomes. Patients over 40 years old have poor IVF outcome and high miscarriage rate, which suggested the necessity of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS).in vitro fertilization, outcome, pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, birth defect, maternal age Citation:Yan J H, Wu K L, Tang R, et al. Effect of maternal age on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Sci China Life Sci, 2012, 55: 694 -698,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Effect of maternal age on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET)

Yan

Tang

et al. 2012

Sci. China Life Sci.

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“…The contrast between miscarriage and stillbirth is informative regarding the underlying mechanisms of such foetal origins effects. Miscarriage is mainly associated with genetic defects such as chromosomal abnormalities, whereas stillbirth is more sensitive to nongenetic environmental factors of both the uterine and external environment (Brown 2008;Garcia-Enguidanos et al 2002;Hoyert 1996). The findings of this study thus suggest that the long-term negative effect of famine exposure on female reproductive function is through the interaction between the genetic and environmental factors, i.e., prenatal malnutrition disrupts the in utero development of the female foetus' reproductive organs, especially the uterus, which leads to an impaired adult uterine environment that is less capable of supporting foetuses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A miscarriage refers to an early foetal death that occurs before the end of the second trimester, whereas a stillbirth refers to a late foetal death that occurs in the third trimester. Previous studies suggest that miscarriage is mainly associated with genetic defects such as chromosomal abnormalities, whereas stillbirth is more sensitive to non-genetic environmental factors of both the uterine and external environment (Brown 2008;Garcia-Enguidanos et al 2002;Hoyert 1996). Comparisons of the results on miscarriage and stillbirth can reveal important information regarding the underlying mechanisms through which prenatal malnutrition exerts long-term influences on health and well-being.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal malnutrition and subsequent foetal loss risk: Evidence from the 1959-1961 Chinese famine

Song¹

2013

DemRes

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BACKGROUNDScientists disagree on whether prenatal malnutrition has long-term influences on women's reproductive function, and empirical evidence of such long-term effects remains limited and inconsistent. METHODSUsing the retrospective pregnancy history of 12,567 Chinese women collected in a nationally representative sample survey in 2001, this study conducted difference-indifferences analyses to investigate the relationship between prenatal exposure to the 1959-1961 Great Leap Forward Famine in China and the subsequent risk of involuntary foetal loss, including miscarriage and stillbirth, and how this relationship changes between the rural and urban populations. RESULTSPrenatal exposure to the Great Leap Forward Famine had no long-term effect on women's risk of miscarriage. Such an exposure increased the risk of stillbirth among urban women but not among rural women. CONCLUSIONSThe results support the foetal origins hypothesis. The significant urban-rural difference in the effect of prenatal famine exposure on stillbirth suggests the presence of a longterm negative foetal origins effect and a strong selection effect caused by famineinduced population attrition.

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“…The estimated global incidence of spontaneous abortion was 12 to 15 % among clinical pregnancies (2) , while the stillbirth rate has been estimated to be 19 per 1000 births (3) . Caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive substance, found mainly in coffee, tea, cola soft drinks and cocoa (4,5) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: a categorical and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies

Chen

Neelakantan

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To assess the association between maternal caffeine intake and risk of pregnancy loss using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Design: Categorical and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Setting: Relevant articles were identified by searching MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases through 30 January 2015. Two authors independently extracted information from eligible studies. Random-effects models were used to derive the summary relative risks (RR) and corresponding 95 % CI for specific categories of caffeine consumption and for a continuous association using generalized leastsquares trend estimation. Subjects: A total of 130 456 participants and 3429 cases in fourteen included studies. Results: Compared with the reference category with no or very low caffeine intake, the RR (95 % CI) of pregnancy loss was 1·02 (0·85, 1·24; I 2 = 28·3 %) for low intake (50-149 mg/d), 1·16 (0·94, 1·41; I 2 = 49·6 %) for moderate intake (150-349 mg/d), 1·40 (1·16, 1·68; I 2 = 18·6 %) for high intake (350-699 mg/d) and 1·72 (1·40, 2·13; I 2 = 0·0 %) for very high intake (≥700 mg/d). In the dose-response analysis, each 100 mg/d increment in maternal caffeine intake (~1 cup of coffee) was associated with 7 % (95 % CI 3 %, 12 %) higher risk of pregnancy loss. Our results may have been affected by publication bias, but the association remained significant for the subset of larger studies. Furthermore, adjustment for smoking and pregnancy symptoms may have been incomplete, potentially resulting in residual confounding. Conclusions: Albeit inconclusive, higher maternal caffeine intake was associated with a higher risk of pregnancy loss and adherence to guidelines to avoid high caffeine intake during pregnancy appears prudent.

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Risk factors in miscarriage: a review

Cited by 263 publications

References 99 publications

Effect of maternal age on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET)

Effect of maternal age on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET)

Prenatal malnutrition and subsequent foetal loss risk: Evidence from the 1959-1961 Chinese famine

Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: a categorical and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies

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